{"refrec":{"BRefID":364900,"RR":"<b>Di Natale, M.; Catarino, A.I.; Summers, S.; Boyle, D.; Torri, M.; Nicosia, A.; Musco, M.; Masullo, T.; Russo, S.; Bennici, C.D.; Mazzola, A.; Cuttitta, A.; Henry, T.B.</b> (2023). Influence of microplastic-associated biofilms on the bioavailability of a mixture of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene by the analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish. <i>Ecol. Indic. 152</i>: 110369. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110369\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110369</a>","BEntID":362620,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Ecol. Indic. 152</i>: 110369. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110369\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110369</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Di Natale, M.; Catarino, A.I.; Summers, S.; Boyle, D.; Torri, M.; Nicosia, A.; Musco, M.; Masullo, T.; Russo, S.; Bennici, C.D.; Mazzola, A.; Cuttitta, A.; Henry, T.B.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Di Natale, M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Microplastics (MPs, 1 µm – 5 mm) in aquatic environments undergo complex weathering transformations such as those induced by microbial colonization and biofilm formation, that affect their ability to interact with environmental contaminants (co-contaminants). In this study, the microbial composition of MP biofilms and its influence on the sorption and bioavailability of two co-contaminants with different physicochemistry, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and cadmium (Cd) in a mixture, were assessed. Aqueous-phase bioavailability was measured by assessment of biomarker gene expression for these toxicants (cytochrome P450 1A, <em>cyp1a,</em> and metallothionein 2, <em>mt2</em>, for B[a]P and Cd respectively) in larval zebrafish, <em>Danio rerio</em>. Significant induction of cyp1a and mt2 gene expression (p < 0.05) was observed after exposure to the mixture of Cd, B[a]P and MPs compared to joint exposure with individual contaminants and MPs. Significant changes in bioavailability for <em>mt2</em> biomarker (p < 0.001) resulted after exposure to a Cd and B[a]P mixture with MPs compared to the same exposure without MPs. Biofilms significantly reduced bioavailability of B[a]P (<em>cyp1a</em> gene expression (p < 0.01)) but not Cd (<em>mt2</em> gene expression) in the mixture with Cd and B[a]P (HDPE + BF + B[a]P + Cd) compared to the same treatment without biofilm (HDPE + B[a]P + Cd). Thus, compared to Cd, the biofilm could provide additional interactions with B[a]P, and new specific active sites on the MPs surface, that reduced B[a]P bioavailability. Additionally, the biofilm microbial community included hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria able to metabolize hydrophobic chemicals. These data indicated that in a mixture of co-contaminants, the biofilm selectively influenced their bioavailability and that the microbial composition of MPs biofilm may have played a key role in reducing B[a]P bioavailability. The results of this study highlight how in a complex exposure scenario characterized by a mixture of different co-contaminants, the polymer and chemical properties and micro-surroundings of the organisms may affect contaminants' bioavailability and/or exposure.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Influence of microplastic-associated biofilms on the bioavailability of a mixture of cadmium and benzo[a]pyrene by the analysis of biomarker gene expression in larval zebrafish","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-19 01:32:21.127598","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Microplastics; Biofilm; Contaminants; Mixture; Zebrafish; Sorption; Bioavailability","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-09-26","DateCreate":"2023-05-22","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001007457900001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2023.110369"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":364900,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"110369","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"152","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45477,"SerRR":"Ecological Indicators. 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