{"refrec":{"BRefID":366943,"RR":"<b>Lew, A.J.; Stifler, C.A.; Tits, A.; Schmidt, C.A.; Scholl, A.; Cantamessa, A.; Müller, L.; Delaunois, Y.; Compère, P.; Ruffoni, D.; Buehler, M.J.; Gilbert, P.U.P.A.</b> (2023). A molecular‐scale understanding of misorientation toughening in corals and seashells. <i>Adv. Mater. 35(28)</i>: 2300373. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300373\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300373</a>","BEntID":364667,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Adv. Mater. 35(28)</i>: 2300373. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300373\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.202300373</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lew, A.J.; Stifler, C.A.; Tits, A.; Schmidt, C.A.; Scholl, A.; Cantamessa, A.; Müller, L.; Delaunois, Y.; Compère, P.; Ruffoni, D.; Buehler, M.J.; Gilbert, P.U.P.A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lew, A.J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Biominerals are organic–mineral composites formed by living organisms. They are the hardest and toughest tissues in those organisms, are often polycrystalline, and their mesostructure (which includes nano- and microscale crystallite size, shape, arrangement, and orientation) can vary dramatically. Marine biominerals may be aragonite, vaterite, or calcite, all calcium carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) polymorphs, differing in crystal structure. Unexpectedly, diverse CaCO<sub>3</sub> biominerals such as coral skeletons and nacre share a similar characteristic: Adjacent crystals are slightly misoriented. This observation is documented quantitatively at the micro- and nanoscales, using polarization-dependent imaging contrast mapping (PIC mapping), and the slight misorientations are consistently between 1° and 40°. Nanoindentation shows that both polycrystalline biominerals and abiotic synthetic spherulites are tougher than single-crystalline geologic aragonite. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of bicrystals at the molecular scale reveal that aragonite, vaterite, and calcite exhibit toughness maxima when the bicrystals are misoriented by 10°, 20°, and 30°, respectively, demonstrating that slight misorientation alone can increase fracture toughness. Slight-misorientation-toughening can be harnessed for synthesis of bioinspired materials that only require one material, are not limited to specific top-down architecture, and are easily achieved by self-assembly of organic molecules (e.g., aspirin, chocolate), polymers, metals, and ceramics well beyond biominerals.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"A molecular‐scale understanding of misorientation toughening in corals and seashells","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-17 01:32:52.589188","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"crystal misorientation;nacre;nanoindentation;synthetic spherulites;toughening;HIGH-ANGLE BOUNDARIES;MECHANICAL-PROPERTIES;BIOLOGICAL-MATERIALS;PLASTIC-DEFORMATION;FRACTURE-TOUGHNESS;MATERIALS SCIENCE;DAMAGE-TOLERANCE;NACRE;SHELL;GROWTH","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-09-18","DateCreate":"2023-09-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000975283000001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1002/adma.202300373"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":366943,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"2300373","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"35","Issue":"28","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":211541,"SerRR":"Advanced Materials. 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