{"refrec":{"BRefID":368229,"RR":"<b>Ho, L.; Barthel, M.; Harris, S.; Vermeulen, K.; Six, J.; Bodé, S.; Boeckx, P.; Goethals, P.</b> (2023). Unravelling spatiotemporal N<sub>2</sub>O dynamics in an urbanized estuary system using natural abundance isotopes. <i>Wat. Res. 247</i>: 120771. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120771\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120771</a>","BEntID":365955,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Wat. Res. 247</i>: 120771. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120771\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2023.120771</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ho, L.; Barthel, M.; Harris, S.; Vermeulen, K.; Six, J.; Bodé, S.; Boeckx, P.; Goethals, P.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ho, L. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Estuaries are strong sources of N<sub>2</sub>O to the atmosphere; yet we still lack insights into the impact of their biogeochemical dynamics on the emissions of this powerful greenhouse gas. Here, we investigated the spatiotemporal dynamics of the N cycle in an estuary with a focus on the emission mechanisms and pathways of N<sub>2</sub>O. By coupling N<sub>2</sub>O isotopocule analysis and substrate NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> isotope analysis, we found that nutrient availability, oxygen level, salinity gradient and temperature variation were major drivers of the N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from the Scheldt Estuary. In winter, lower temperature and higher O<sub>2</sub> concentration diminished denitrification rates and reduction of N<sub>2</sub>O to N<sub>2</sub>, while both were enhanced in warmer summer, causing higher fraction of reduced N<sub>2</sub>O. As a result, we found comparable N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes and dissolved concentrations between the two seasons. Decrease in salinity level and increase in NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> concentration accelerated N<sub>2</sub>O production when moving upstream of the estuary where more urbanization and higher NO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> from wastewater discharges were found. However, these drivers had no significant effect on the fraction of N<sub>2</sub>O derived by either denitrification or nitrification and/or fungal denitrification since the fractional proportion of these pathways showed no spatiotemporal variations, remaining around 89% and 11%, respectively. These findings challenge the conventional notion that N<sub>2</sub>O fluxes are generally higher in summer because of higher denitrification rates while confirming that denitrification is the most important pathway of N<sub>2</sub>O production in the estuaries. Furthermore, our study highlight the importance of combining various isotope analyses to gain in-depth understanding about N<sub>2</sub>O emission pathways and N cycling in dynamic systems like estuaries.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Unravelling spatiotemporal N<sub>2</sub>O dynamics in an urbanized estuary system using natural abundance isotopes","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-22 01:32:34.623264","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"greenhouse gas; urban river; estuary; nitrate; isotope","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-09-18","DateCreate":"2023-10-23","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001113660000001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.watres.2023.120771"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":368229,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"120771","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"247","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":44009,"SerRR":"Water Research. 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