{"refrec":{"BRefID":380807,"RR":"<b>Chan, W.Y.; Meyers, L.; Rudd, D.; Topa, S.H.; van Oppen, M.J.H.</b> (2023). Heat‐evolved algal symbionts enhance bleaching tolerance of adult corals without trade‐off against growth. <i>Glob. Chang. Biol. 29(24)</i>: 6945-6968. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16987\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16987</a>","BEntID":378548,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Glob. Chang. Biol. 29(24)</i>: 6945-6968. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16987\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gcb.16987</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Chan, W.Y.; Meyers, L.; Rudd, D.; Topa, S.H.; van Oppen, M.J.H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Chan, W.Y. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Ocean warming has caused coral mass bleaching and mortality worldwide and the persistence of symbiotic reef-building corals requires rapid acclimation or adaptation. Experimental evolution of the coral's microalgal symbionts followed by their introduction into coral is one potential method to enhance coral thermotolerance. Heat-evolved microalgal symbionts of the generalist species, <i>Cladocopium proliferum</i> (strain SS8), were exposed to elevated temperature (31°C) for ~10 years, and were introduced into four genotypes of chemically bleached adult fragments of the scleractinian coral, <i>Galaxea fascicularis</i>. Two of the four coral genotypes acquired SS8. The new symbionts persisted for the 5 months of the experiment and enhanced adult coral thermotolerance, compared with corals that were inoculated with the wild-type <i>C. proliferum</i> strain. Thermotolerance of SS8-corals was similar to that of coral fragments from the same colony hosting the homologous symbiont, <i>Durusdinium</i> sp., which is naturally heat tolerant. However, SS8-coral fragments exhibited faster growth and recovered cell density and photochemical efficiency more quickly following chemical bleaching and inoculation under ambient temperature relative to <i>Durusdinium</i>-corals. Mass spectrometry imaging suggests that algal pigments involved in photobiology and oxidative stress were the greatest contributors to the thermotolerance differences between coral hosting heat-evolved versus wild-type <i>C. proliferum</i>. These pigments may have increased photoprotection in the heat-evolved symbionts. This is the first laboratory study to show that thermotolerance of adult corals (<i>G. fascicularis</i>) can be enhanced via the uptake of exogenously supplied, heat-evolved symbionts, without a trade-off against growth under ambient temperature. Importantly, heat-evolved <i>C. proliferum</i> remained in the corals in moderate abundance 2 years after first inoculation, suggesting long-term stability of this novel symbiosis and potential long-term benefits to coral thermotolerance.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Heat‐evolved algal symbionts enhance bleaching tolerance of adult corals without trade‐off against growth","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-11 01:33:09.152410","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"coral bleaching, experimental evolution, reef restoration, spatial metabolomics, symbiosis, thermotolerance, trade-off","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-01-15","DateCreate":"2024-01-15","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001094994200001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1111/gcb.16987"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":380807,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"6945-6968","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"29","Issue":"24","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":73485,"SerRR":"Global Change Biology. 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