{"refrec":{"BRefID":381159,"RR":"<b>Ayyappan, M.V.; Kishore, P.; Panda, S.K.; Kumar, A.; Uchoi, D.; Nadella, R.K.; Priyadarshi, H.; Obaiah, M.C.; George, D.; Hamza, M.; Ramannathan, S.K.</b> (2024). Emergence of multidrug resistant, ctx negative seventh pandemic <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 El Tor sequence type (ST) 69 in coastal water of Kerala, India. <i>NPG Scientific Reports 14(1)</i>: 2031. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50536-z\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50536-z</a>","BEntID":378900,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>NPG Scientific Reports 14(1)</i>: 2031. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50536-z\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-50536-z</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ayyappan, M.V.; Kishore, P.; Panda, S.K.; Kumar, A.; Uchoi, D.; Nadella, R.K.; Priyadarshi, H.; Obaiah, M.C.; George, D.; Hamza, M.; Ramannathan, S.K.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ayyappan, M.V. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Seventh pandemic <i>Vibrio choleare</i> O1 El Tor strain is responsible for the on-going pandemic outbreak of cholera globally. This strain evolved from non-pathogenic <i>V. cholerae</i> by acquiring seventh pandemic gene (VC 2346), pandemic Islands (VSP1 and VSP2), pathogenicity islands (VP1 and VP2) and CTX prophage region. The cholera toxin production is mainly attributed to the presence of <i>ctx</i> gene in these strains. However, several variants of this strain emerged as hybrid strains or atypical strains. The present study aimed to assess the aquatic environment of Cochin, India, over a period of 5&nbsp;years for the emergence of multidrug resistant <i>V. cholerae</i> and its similarity with seventh pandemic strain. The continuous surveillance and monitoring resulted in the isolation of <i>ctx</i> negative, O1 positive <i>V. cholerae</i> isolate (VC6) from coastal water, Cochin, Kerala. The isolate possessed the biotype specific O1 El Tor <i>tcpA</i> gene and lacked other biotype specific <i>ctx, zot, ace</i> and <i>rst</i> genes. Whole genome analysis revealed the isolate belongs to pandemic sequence type (ST) 69 with the possession of pandemic VC2346 gene, pathogenic island VPI1, VPI2, and pandemic island VSP1 and VSP2. The isolate possessed several insertion sequences and the SXT/R391 family related Integrative Conjugative Elements (ICEs)<i>.</i> In addition to this, the isolate genome carried virulence genes such as <i>VgrG, mshA, ompT, toxR, ompU, rtxA</i>, <i>als</i>, <i>VasX, makA</i>, and <i>hlyA</i> and antimicrobial resistance genes such as <i>gyrA, dfrA1, strB, parE, sul2, parC, strA</i>, VC1786ICE9-<i>floR,</i> and <i>catB9.</i> Moreover, the phylogenetic analysis suggests that the isolate genome is more closely related to seventh pandemic <i>V.</i> <i>cholerae</i> O1 N16961 strain. This study reports the first incidence of environmental <i>ctx</i> negative seventh pandemic <i>V. choleare</i> O1 El Tor isolate, globally and its presence in the aquatic system likely to induce toxicity in terms of public health point of view. The presence of this isolate in the aquatic environment warns the strict implementation of the epidemiological surveillance on the occurrence of emerging strains and the execution of flagship program for the judicious use of antibiotics in the aquatic ecosystem.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Emergence of multidrug resistant, ctx negative seventh pandemic <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 El Tor sequence type (ST) 69 in coastal water of Kerala, India","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-05-03 01:33:07.940430","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2024,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-01-22","DateCreate":"2024-01-22","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41598-023-50536-z"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":381159,"PubliDate":2024,"Pagination":"2031","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"14","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":208093,"SerRR":"Scientific Reports (Nature Publishing Group). 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