{"refrec":{"BRefID":381168,"RR":"de la Barra, P.; Aarts, G.M; Bijleveld, A. (2024). The effects of gas extraction under intertidal mudflats on sediment and macrozoobenthic communities. J. Appl. Ecol. 61(2): 390-405. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14530","BEntID":378909,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". J. Appl. Ecol. 61(2): 390-405. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.14530","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"de la Barra, P.; Aarts, G.M; Bijleveld, A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"de la Barra, P.; Aarts, G.M; Bijleveld, A.","Englishabstract":"
  1. Land subsidence in intertidal environments may change the flooding regime and sediment composition, two drivers of the macrozoobenthic community. In the Dutch Wadden Sea, a UNESCO world heritage site, gas extraction has resulted in an average subsidence of intertidal mudflats of 2 mm year−1. These mudflats support an abundant macrozoobenthic community that offers important resources for birds and fish. The area is managed through the ‘hand on the tap’ principle, meaning that human activities should be halted if they affect the natural values. To what extent land subsidence affects sediment and macrozoobenthos remains unknown and is increasingly important given sea level rise.
  2. Taking advantage of a large-scale monitoring program, we evaluated the effect of anthropogenically caused subsidence on sediment composition and macrozoobenthos. Nearly 4600 points were sampled yearly (2008–2020) across the Dutch Wadden Sea, allowing us to compare sediment composition and macrozoobenthos biomass within and outside the subsidence area while controlling for the main drivers of these variables. We also compared population trends within and outside the subsidence area for 31 species with different habitat use.
  3. Mud fraction was 3% higher within the subsided area and median grain size decreased at 1 μm year−1 while remaining constant in other mudflats. This had no effect on the total biomass of macrozoobenthos. Within the subsidence area, however, the biomass of species that use deeper areas increased compared to outside, and the opposite was true for species using shallower habitat.
  4. Policy implications: Land subsidence is related to changes in median grain size and macrozoobenthic community composition. However, because thresholds have not been defined, it is not clear if this requires management actions. For a successful implementation of the ‘hand on the tap’ principle in the Wadden Sea, it is necessary to define beforehand the relevant variables that represent the natural values, implement proper monitoring and define thresholds above which effects are not acceptable. We propose median grain size, mud fraction and macrozoobenthic composition as good measures of the natural values of the Wadden Sea, and the methods used here as a way for identifying anthropogenic effects on them.
","AbstractOtherLang":"
  1. Door bodemdaling in intergetijdengebieden kan het lokale overstromingsregime veranderen met gevolgen voor de sedimentsamenstelling, wat twee bepalende factoren zijn voor de bodemdieren. In de Nederlandse Waddenzee, een UNESCO-werelderfgoed, heeft gaswinning onder van de wadplaten geresulteerd in een gemiddelde bodemdaling van 2 mm per jaar. Deze wadplaten zijn habitat voor een productieve gemeenschap van wormen en schelpdieren die op hun beurt een belangrijke voedselbron zijn voor vogels en vissen. Het gebied wordt beheerd volgens het ‘hand-aan-de-kraan’-principe wat betekent dat activiteiten moeten stoppen als ze nadelig zijn voor natuurwaardes. In welke mate bodemdaling als gevolg van gaswinning de samenstelling van sediment en de gemeenschap van bodemdieren beïnvloedt is onbekend en wordt steeds belangrijker gezien de zeespiegelstijging.
  2. Met behulp van een grootschalig monitoringprogramma kon het effect van bodemdaling op de sedimentsamenstelling en bodemdieren geëvalueerd worden. Tussen 2008 en 2020 werden jaarlijks ongeveer 4600 monsters genomen op wadplaten in de gehele Nederlandse Waddenzee. Hiermee konden de sedimentsamenstelling en biomassa van bodemdieren binnen en buiten het bodemdalingsgebied worden vergeleken. Voor 31 soorten met een verschillend habitatgebruik konden populatietrends binnen en buiten het bodemdalingsgebied vergeleken worden.
  3. In het bodemdalingsgebied was de slibfractie was 3% hoger en nam de mediane korrelgrootte van het sediment af met 1 μm per jaar, terwijl deze constant bleef daarbuiten. Dit had geen effect op de totale biomassa van de bodemdieren, maar de soortsamentelling in het bodemdalingsgebied veranderde wel. De biomassa van soorten die vooral voorkwamen in diepere delen van het wad nam binnen het bodemdalingsgebied toe ten opzichte van daarbuiten. Voor soorten die vooral voorkwamen in ondiepere delen was het omgekeerde het geval.
  4. Beleidsimplicaties: Bodemdaling is gerelateerd aan veranderingen in de sedimentsamenstelling en bodemdierengemeenschap. Omdat drempelwaardes niet zijn gedefinieerd, is het onduidelijk of beheermaatregelen nodig zijn. Voor een succesvolle implementatie van het ‘hand aan de kraan’-principe is het noodzakelijk om vooraf de relevante variabelen te definiëren die de natuurwaarden vertegenwoordigen, goede monitoring te implementeren en drempelwaarden te definiëren waarboven effecten niet acceptabel zijn. Wij stellen voor dat mediane korrelgrootte, slibfractie en bodemdierengemeenschap goede maatstaven zijn voor de natuurlijke waarden van de Waddenzee.
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