{"refrec":{"BRefID":381263,"RR":"<b>Walters, L.J.; Miron, G.; Bourget, E.</b> (1999). Endoscopic observations of invertebrate larval substratum exploration and settlement. <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 182</i>: 95-108. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182095\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182095</a>","BEntID":379004,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 182</i>: 95-108. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182095\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/meps182095</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Walters, L.J.; Miron, G.; Bourget, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Walters, L.J.; Miron, G.; Bourget, E.","Englishabstract":"<span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\">In the marine environment, competent larvae of sessile invertebrates are influenced by water flow and a variety of biological, chemical and physical cues. Most research has focused on how these biotic and abiotic factors influence where individual larvae ultimately settle. Much less is known about post-contact exploration prior to metamorphosis. This is, in part, due to limitations associated with directly observing small larvae (100 to 500 µm) in flowing seawater. A study was conducted in Beaufort, North Carolina, USA to understand how larvae of the barnacle </span><i>Balanus amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> and the bryozoan </span><i>Bugula neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> respond to a variety of flow rates (0, 1.3, 6.1 and 8.3 cm s</span><sup>-1</sup><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\">) and surface types (clean, biofilmed, 1 and 2 wk fouled). Larval behavior was studied by means of endoscopy in a running-seawater chamber. Larval movements were observed at 30 frames s</span><sup>-1</sup><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> for individuals that remained in contact with surfaces from &lt;1.0 s to 44.5 min. Both flow rate and surface type significantly influenced the behavior of the species examined, although larvae of </span><i>B. amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> and </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> often responded very differently to the same treatment conditions. Larvae of </span><i>B. amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> explored more surface area (fractal dimensions) in moving water than in still water, but flow did not influence the direction of travel. Mean exploration rate of </span><i>B. amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> did not vary among treatments and ranged from 0.16 to 0.21 mm s</span><sup>-1</sup><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\">. More cyprid larvae explored surfaces with macrofouling and spent significantly longer times on these surfaces than on clean ones. In still water, larvae of </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> repeatedly contacted, explored and swam away from the test surfaces. In contrast, in flow, larvae of </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> never swam away from any surface after contact was made. Individuals of </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> crawled directly upstream on clean and biofilmed surfaces at all flow rates unless individuals encountered filamentous structures (biofilmed surfaces only). When this happened, larvae of </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> frequently remained attached to filaments as the filaments moved with the flow. These larvae were then either dislodged or immediately resumed crawling upstream upon contact with the plate surface. A limited number of larvae of both species settled during our observations (15% </span><i>B. amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\">, 18% </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\">). Settlement of </span><i>B. amphitrite</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> was not correlated with flow rate or surface type; larvae of </span><i>B. neritina</i><span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(85,85,85);\"> settled only on 2 wk fouled surfaces.</span>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Endoscopic observations of invertebrate larval substratum exploration and settlement","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-13 01:32:05.935570","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"<span style=\"background-color:white;color:#555555;\"><i>Balanus amphitrite</i>, Biological fouling, <i>Bugula neritina</i>, Endoscope, Fouling community, Fractals, Larval ecology</span>","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":1999,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-01-29","DateCreate":"2024-01-29","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000081336200008","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3354/meps182095"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":381263,"PubliDate":1999,"Pagination":"95-108","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"182","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43354,"SerRR":"Marine Ecology Progress Series. Inter-Research: Oldendorf/Luhe.  ISSN 0171-8630; e-ISSN 1616-1599","StandardTitleSer":"Marine Ecology Progress Series","ISSN":"0171-8630","AbbrevSer":"Mar. Ecol. Prog. 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