{"refrec":{"BRefID":390896,"RR":"<b>Ksepka, D.T.; Field, D.J.; Heath, T.A.; Pett, W.; Thomas, D.B.; Giovanardi, S.; Tennyson, A.J.D.</b> (2023). Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy. <i>J. Paleontol. 97(2)</i>: 434-453. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.88\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.88</a>","BEntID":388643,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Paleontol. 97(2)</i>: 434-453. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.88\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/jpa.2022.88</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Ksepka, D.T.; Field, D.J.; Heath, T.A.; Pett, W.; Thomas, D.B.; Giovanardi, S.; Tennyson, A.J.D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Ksepka, D.T. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Recent fossil discoveries from New Zealand have revealed a remarkably diverse assemblage of Paleocene stem group penguins. Here, we add to this growing record by describing nine new penguin specimens from the late Paleocene (upper Teurian local stage; 55.5–59.5 Ma) Moeraki Formation of the South Island, New Zealand. The largest specimen is assigned to a new species, <i>Kumimanu fordycei</i> n. sp., which may have been the largest penguin ever to have lived. Allometric regressions based on humerus length and humerus proximal width of extant penguins yield mean estimates of a live body mass in the range of 148.0 kg (95% CI: 132.5 kg–165.3 kg) and 159.7 kg (95% CI: 142.6 kg–178.8 kg), respectively, for <i>Kumimanu fordycei</i>. A second new species, <i>Petradyptes stonehousei</i> n. gen. n. sp., is represented by five specimens and was slightly larger than the extant emperor penguin <i>Aptenodytes forsteri</i>. Two small humeri represent an additional smaller unnamed penguin species. Parsimony and Bayesian phylogenetic analyses recover <i>Kumimanu</i> and <i>Petradyptes</i> crownward of the early Paleocene mainland NZ taxa <i>Waimanu</i> and <i>Muriwaimanu</i>, but stemward of the Chatham Island taxon <i>Kupoupou</i>. These analyses differ, however, in the placement of these two taxa relative to <i>Sequiwaimanu</i>, <i>Crossvallia</i>, and <i>Kaiika</i>. The massive size and placement of <i>Kumimanu fordycei</i> close to the root of the penguin tree provide additional support for a scenario in which penguins reached the upper limit of sphenisciform body size very early in their evolutionary history, while still retaining numerous plesiomorphic features of the flipper.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Largest-known fossil penguin provides insight into the early evolution of sphenisciform body size and flipper anatomy","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-14 01:32:17.178126","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-03-11","DateCreate":"2024-03-11","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1017/jpa.2022.88"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":390896,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"434-453","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"97","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43247,"SerRR":"Journal of Paleontology. 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