{"refrec":{"BRefID":391085,"RR":"<b>Iordache, M.-D.; De Keukelaere, L.; Moelans, R.; Landuyt, L.; Moshtaghi, M.; Corradi, P.; Knaeps, E.</b> (2022). Targeting plastics: Machine learning applied to litter detection in aerial multispectral images. <i>Remote Sens. 14(22)</i>: 5820. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225820\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225820</a>","BEntID":388832,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Remote Sens. 14(22)</i>: 5820. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225820\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225820</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Iordache, M.-D.; De Keukelaere, L.; Moelans, R.; Landuyt, L.; Moshtaghi, M.; Corradi, P.; Knaeps, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Iordache, M.-D. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The occurrence of litter in natural areas is nowadays one of the major environmental challenges. The uncontrolled dumping of solid waste in nature not only threatens wildlife on land and in water, but also constitutes a serious threat to human health. The detection and monitoring of areas affected by litter pollution is thus of utmost importance, as it allows for the cleaning of these areas and guides public authorities in defining mitigation measures. Among the methods used to spot littered areas, aerial surveillance stands out as a valuable alternative as it allows for the detection of relatively small such regions while covering a relatively large area in a short timeframe. In this study, remotely piloted aircraft systems equipped with multispectral cameras are deployed over littered areas with the ultimate goal of obtaining classification maps based on spectral characteristics. Our approach employs classification algorithms based on random forest approaches in order to distinguish between four classes of natural land cover types and five litter classes. The obtained results show that the detection of various litter types is feasible in the proposed scenario and the employed machine learning algorithms achieve accuracies superior to 85% for all classes in test data. The study further explores sources of errors, the effect of spatial resolution on the retrieved maps and the applicability of the designed algorithm to floating litter detection.","AbstractOtherLang":"Keywords:&nbsp;","BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Targeting plastics: Machine learning applied to litter detection in aerial multispectral images","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-05-23 01:32:31.591619","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"litter detection; plastic pollution; multispectral data; remotely piloted aircraft systems; machine learning; multiclass classification; airborne imagery","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2022,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-03-18","DateCreate":"2024-03-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3390/rs14225820"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":391085,"PubliDate":2022,"Pagination":"5820","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"14","Issue":"22","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":221386,"SerRR":"Remote Sensing. MDPI: Basel.  ISSN 2072-4292; e-ISSN 2072-4292","StandardTitleSer":"Remote Sensing","ISSN":"2072-4292","AbbrevSer":"Remote Sens.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":5820,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Iordache","Firstname":"Marian-Daniel","Initials":"M.-D.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559593,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VITO","InsFSN":"Vlaamse overheid; Beleidsdomein Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":138},{"AutName":"De Keukelaere","Firstname":"Liesbeth","Initials":"L.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559594,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VITO","InsFSN":"Vlaamse overheid; Beleidsdomein Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek","ORCID":"0000-0001-6400-595X","PersID":32845,"InsID":138},{"AutName":"Moelans","Firstname":"Robrecht","Initials":"R.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559595,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VITO","InsFSN":"Vlaamse overheid; Beleidsdomein Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek","ORCID":"0000-0001-9119-0206","PersID":37093,"InsID":138},{"AutName":"Landuyt","Firstname":"Lisa","Initials":"L.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559596,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VITO","InsFSN":"Vlaamse overheid; Beleidsdomein Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":138},{"AutName":"Moshtaghi","Firstname":"Mehrdad","Initials":"M.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559597,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":39716,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Corradi","Firstname":"Paolo","Initials":"P.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":525958,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Knaeps","Firstname":"Els","Initials":"E.","Affiliation":"Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Center for Remote Sensing and Earth Observation Processes (VITO-TAP)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":388832,"AutID":559599,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VITO","InsFSN":"Vlaamse overheid; Beleidsdomein Economie, Wetenschap en Innovatie; Vlaamse Instelling voor Technologisch Onderzoek","ORCID":"0000-0002-0557-6151","PersID":19337,"InsID":138}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":397077,"LibID":36,"BRefID":391085,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"397077","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":1,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"MDPI","City":"Basel"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","ShortName":"OMA"}],"conf":null,"proj":[{"ProID":5049,"Acronym":"PLUXIN","ProStandardTitle":"Plastic Flux for Innovation and Business Opportunities in Flanders","BYear":2020,"BMonth":9,"EYear":2023,"EMonth":10,"FP7Code":null,"RelID":null,"Relation":null,"DutchTerm":null}],"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"222":{"SpName":"BMB - Belgische Mariene Bibliografie","SpColID":222,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"BMB","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"BMB"},"221":{"SpName":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","SpColID":221,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"OMA","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"OMA"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":388832,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":388832,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14225820","externalID":"10.3390/rs14225820","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":129154,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2024-03-18 07:50:09.410000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","updSesDate":{"date":"2024-03-18 07:50:09.410000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}