{"refrec":{"BRefID":391134,"RR":"<b>Wollesen, T.; Rodriguez Monje, S.V.; Oel, A.P.; Arendt, D.</b> (2023). Characterization of eyes, photoreceptors, and opsins in developmental stages of the arrow worm <i>Spadella cephaloptera </i>(Chaetognatha). <i>Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution 340(5)</i>: 342-353. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23193\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23193</a>","BEntID":388881,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Journal of experimental zoology. Part B, Molecular and developmental evolution 340(5)</i>: 342-353. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23193\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jez.b.23193</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Wollesen, T.; Rodriguez Monje, S.V.; Oel, A.P.; Arendt, D.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Wollesen, T. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The phylogenetic position of chaetognaths, or arrow worms, has been debated for decades, however recently they have been grouped into the Gnathifera, a sister clade to all other Spiralia. Chaetognath photoreceptor cells are anatomically unique by exhibiting a highly modified cilium and are arranged differently in the eyes of the various species. Studies investigating eye development and underlying gene regulatory networks are so far missing. To gain insights into the development and the molecular toolkit of chaetognath photoreceptors and eyes a new transcriptome of the epibenthic species <i>Spadella cephaloptera</i> was searched for opsins. Our screen revealed two copies of <i>xenopsin</i> and a single copy of <i>peropsin</i>. Gene expression analyses demonstrated that only <i>xenopsin1</i> is expressed in photoreceptor cells of the developing lateral eyes. Adults likewise exhibit two <i>xenopsin1</i> + photoreceptor cells in each of their lateral eyes. Beyond that, a single <i>cryptochrome</i> gene was uncovered and found to be expressed in photoreceptor cells of the lateral developing eye. In addition, <i>cryptochrome</i> is also expressed in the cerebral ganglia in a region in which also <i>peropsin</i> expression was observed. This condition is reminiscent of a nonvisual photoreceptive zone in the apical nervous system of the annelid <i>Platynereis dumerilii</i> that performs circadian entrainment and melatonin release. <i>Cryptochrome</i> is also expressed in cells of the corona ciliata, an organ in the posterior dorsal head region, indicating a role in circadian entrainment. Our study highlights the importance of the Gnathifera for unraveling the evolution of photoreceptors and eyes in Spiralia and Bilateria.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Characterization of eyes, photoreceptors, and opsins in developmental stages of the arrow worm <i>Spadella cephaloptera </i>(Chaetognatha)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"cryptochrome, eye evolution, Gnathifera, Spiralia, xenopsi","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2023,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2024-03-18","DateCreate":"2024-03-18","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1002/jez.b.23193"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":391134,"PubliDate":2023,"Pagination":"342-353","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"340","Issue":"5","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":236455,"SerRR":"Journal of experimental zoology. 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