{"refrec":{"BRefID":40550,"RR":"<b>Kanungo, J.; Empson, R.M.; Rasmussen, H.</b> (1999). Microinjection of an antibody to the Ku protein arrests development in sea urchin embryos. <i>Biol. Bull. 197(3)</i>: 341-347","BEntID":40550,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biol. Bull. 197(3)</i>: 341-347","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Kanungo, J.; Empson, R.M.; Rasmussen, H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Kanungo, J.; Empson, R.M.; Rasmussen, H.","Englishabstract":"Ku is the regulatory subunit of the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK). This enzyme plays a role in DNA repair, recombination, and transcription. It is composed of a large catalytic subunit (p460), and a regulatory heterodimer, the Ku protein, which consists of 86-kDa and 70-kDa subunits. These various components of the enzyme have been found in both eggs and embryos of the sea urchin. When variable amounts of a specific monoclonal antibody to the Ku protein (Ku 162) were injected into one cell of a 2-cell embryo of <i>Lytechinus pictus</i>, they caused a dose-dependent developmental arrest of the injected cell. The non-injected cell continued to develop normally. In contrast, injection of an antibody (N3H10) raised against the 70-kDa subunit of the Ku protein had no effect on development when injected into 2-cell-stage embryos. Co-injection of purified DNA-PK with the antibody reversed the antibody-mediated inhibition of development. In the fertilized egg and during the early stages of development, the DNA-PK was localized largely in the cytoplasm, but in later developmental stages, it assumed a nuclear location. On the basis of these results, we postulate that the injection of the Ku antibody either prevents the translocation of the DNA-PK into the nucleus or interferes with its enzymatic activity either in the nucleus or in the cytoplasm. In either case, the results suggest that DNA-PK plays an important role in regulating the early stages of embryogenesis in this primitive organism.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Microinjection of an antibody to the Ku protein arrests development in sea urchin embryos","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":1999,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2003-10-01","DateCreate":"2003-10-01","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000084582900005","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":40550,"PubliDate":1999,"Pagination":"341-347","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"197","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42437,"SerRR":"The Biological Bulletin. 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