{"refrec":{"BRefID":406496,"RR":"<b>Van Roy, W.; Merveille, J.-B.; Van Nieuwenhove, A.; Scheldeman, K.; Maes, F.</b> (2024). Policy recommendations for international regulations addressing air pollution from ships. <i>Mar. Policy 159</i>: 105913. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913</a>","BEntID":404294,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Policy 159</i>: 105913. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Van Roy, W.; Merveille, J.-B.; Van Nieuwenhove, A.; Scheldeman, K.; Maes, F.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Van Roy, W. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Since 2015, Belgium has undertaken remote measurement activities to monitor SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions from ships to single out ships for on-board inspections in ports. One of the main challenges in enhancing the enforcement capabilities revolves around using these remote measurements as legal evidence. Previous studies have demonstrated that when an appropriate measurement uncertainty is taken into account, remote measurements can provide scientifically reliable evidence to verify compliance to fuel sulphur standards (FSC) and even to NO<sub>x</sub> emission limits described by MARPOL Annex VI. Nonetheless, remote SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> measurements have so far not been used for direct legal action. In the first section of this article, the potential use of these remote measurements as legal evidence within international and national legal instruments is examined. Furthermore, while there are guidelines to enforce compliance with FSC standards in port, there are currently no recognized methods to enforce real-world NO<sub>x</sub> emissions at sea. In this context, standardized remote measurement procedures could potentially become a valuable tool in combination with specific vessel data (keel laying year, engine rated speed, power, …), in establishing an enforcement mechanism for NO<sub>x.</sub> This would require specific changes to the current NO<sub>x</sub> regulations. Within the Bonn Agreement, the MARPOL Annex VI Working Groups identified certain regulatory gaps that need to be addressed in order to effectively reduce emissions from ships and improve enforcement capacity. In the second part of this article a critical analysis of these recommendations and the results of these discussions towards new regulations is presented.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Policy recommendations for international regulations addressing air pollution from ships","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-10 01:33:00.480669","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Remote monitoring ship emissions; MARPOL Annex VI; Emission Control Area; Exhaust gas cleaning systems; Continuous emission monitoring systems; Bonn; Agreement","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2024,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-09-18","DateCreate":"2025-03-31","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001165452200001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpol.2023.105913"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":406496,"PubliDate":2024,"Pagination":"105913","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"159","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43519,"SerRR":"Marine Policy. 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