{"refrec":{"BRefID":407785,"RR":"<b>Hengstmann, E.; Zapata Corella, P.; Alter, K.; Belzunce-Segarra, M.J.; Booth, A.M.; Castro-Jiménez, J.; Czerner, N.; De Cauwer, K.; Devillers, G.; Gomiero, A.; Goseberg, N.; Hasenbein, S.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Mason, C.; Pape, W.; Parmentier, K.; Plaß, A.; Pröfrock, D.; Sarhadi, A.; Vanavermaete, D.; De Witte, B.</b> (2025). Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation. <i>Mar. Pollut. Bull. 215</i>: 117915. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915</a>","BEntID":405586,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Mar. Pollut. Bull. 215</i>: 117915. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Hengstmann, E.; Zapata Corella, P.; Alter, K.; Belzunce-Segarra, M.J.; Booth, A.M.; Castro-Jiménez, J.; Czerner, N.; De Cauwer, K.; Devillers, G.; Gomiero, A.; Goseberg, N.; Hasenbein, S.; Kirchgeorg, T.; Mason, C.; Pape, W.; Parmentier, K.; Plaß, A.; Pröfrock, D.; Sarhadi, A.; Vanavermaete, D.; De Witte, B.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Hengstmann, E. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Offshore wind energy may offer many advantages: next to the aim of renewable energy production, offshore wind farms (OWFs) enable multi-purpose opportunities with nature conservation and aquaculture. OWFs may also affect the marine ecosystem. The environmental impact of OWFs is starting to be investigated regarding the effect of novel habitat introduction, underwater noise, electromagnetic fields, or exclusion of fisheries. However, the impact of chemical emissions from OWFs remains largely unknown. It is essential to account for these emissions at an early stage, to comprehensively assess the environmental impact with the objective of developing a future fit-for-purpose regulatory framework to protect the marine environment. This review compiled a literature-based list of potential OWF-related chemical emissions containing &gt;200 organic and inorganic contaminants, including polymers. Compounds are categorised according to data source and emission type. Major gaps in assessing the impact of the compounds are identified, including challenges in environmental monitoring, numerical modelling and assessing the toxicity of individual and mixtures of chemical contaminants on marine organisms and humans consuming potential OWF aquaculture products. A risk-based prioritisation is essential to target the compounds of higher concern and overcome costs linked to assessing a wide variety of chemical contaminants. Although some countries have regulations to reduce OWF chemical emissions, standardized impact assessments or monitoring requirements for OWF-based chemical contaminants have not been established. This stresses the importance of providing more detailed information on occurrence, distribution and impact of OWF chemical emissions as an essential step towards sound ecosystem-based management of OWF installations.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Chemical emissions from offshore wind farms: From identification to challenges in impact assessment and regulation","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-19 01:32:29.565848","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Offshore wind farms; Numerical modelling; Impact assessment; Offshore wind farm regulations","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-02-04","DateCreate":"2025-04-29","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001465886700001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":407785,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"117915","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"215","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43520,"SerRR":"Marine Pollution Bulletin. Macmillan: London.  ISSN 0025-326X; e-ISSN 1879-3363","StandardTitleSer":"Marine Pollution Bulletin","ISSN":"0025-326X","AbbrevSer":"Mar. Pollut. Bull.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":null,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Hengstmann","Firstname":"Elena","Initials":"E.","Affiliation":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588561,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7713},{"AutName":"Zapata Corella","Firstname":"Pablo","Initials":"P.","Affiliation":"IFREMER, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588562,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"IFREMER","InsFSN":"Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":4299},{"AutName":"Alter","Firstname":"Katharina","Initials":"K.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":502519,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"COS","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; Coastal Sciences","ORCID":"0000-0002-1801-748X","PersID":41910,"InsID":13656},{"AutName":"Belzunce-Segarra","Firstname":"Maria","Initials":"M.J.","Affiliation":"AZTI, Marine Research Division (Basque Research and Technology Alliance - BRTA)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588563,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"AZTI","InsFSN":"AZTI, Marine Research; Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA)","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":3783},{"AutName":"Booth","Firstname":"Andy","Initials":"A.M.","Affiliation":"SINTEF Ocean","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588564,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Castro-Jiménez","Firstname":"Javier","Initials":"J.","Affiliation":"IFREMER, CCEM Contamination Chimique des Écosystèmes Marins","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588565,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"CNRS-IFREMER","InsFSN":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique- Institut français de recherche pour l'exploitation de la mer","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":14707},{"AutName":"Czerner","Firstname":"Niklas","Initials":"N.","Affiliation":"Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588566,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"LWI","InsFSN":"Technische Universität Carolo-Wilhelmina zu Braunschweig; Leichtweiss-Institut für Wasserbau","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7606},{"AutName":"De Cauwer","Firstname":"Karien","Initials":"K.","Affiliation":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences (RBINS), Operational Directorate Natural Environment","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":245722,"OrderNr":8,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"OD Natuur","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen; Operationele Directie Natuurlijk Milieu","ORCID":null,"PersID":111,"InsID":13002},{"AutName":"Devillers","Firstname":"Geneviève","Initials":"G.","Affiliation":"DERAC, Environmental Risk Assessment of Chemicals consultancy","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588567,"OrderNr":9,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Gomiero","Firstname":"Alessio","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":"Norwegian Research Centre- NORCE, Dep of Climate and Environment","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588568,"OrderNr":10,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Goseberg","Firstname":"Nils","Initials":"N.","Affiliation":"Leichtweiß-Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Technische Universität Braunschweig","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588569,"OrderNr":11,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Hasenbein","Firstname":"Simone","Initials":"S.","Affiliation":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588570,"OrderNr":12,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7713},{"AutName":"Kirchgeorg","Firstname":"Torben","Initials":"T.","Affiliation":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588571,"OrderNr":13,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7713},{"AutName":"Mason","Firstname":"Claire","Initials":"C.","Affiliation":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (Cefas)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588572,"OrderNr":14,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"CEFAS","InsFSN":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":4230},{"AutName":"Pape","Firstname":"Wiebke","Initials":"W.","Affiliation":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588573,"OrderNr":15,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7713},{"AutName":"Parmentier","Firstname":"Koen","Initials":"K.","Affiliation":"Royal Belgian Institute of Natural Sciences, Operational Directorate Natural Environment","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":545915,"OrderNr":16,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"OD Natuur","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen; Operationele Directie Natuurlijk Milieu","ORCID":"0000-0003-1088-9125","PersID":692,"InsID":13002},{"AutName":"Plaß","Firstname":"Anna","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH), Marine Sciences Department","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588574,"OrderNr":17,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":7713},{"AutName":"Pröfrock","Firstname":"Daniel","Initials":"D.","Affiliation":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Coastal Environmental Chemistry, Department Inorganic Environmental Chemistry","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588575,"OrderNr":18,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":"Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":15307},{"AutName":"Sarhadi","Firstname":"Ali","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":"Department of Wind and Energy Systems, Technical University of Denmark","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588576,"OrderNr":19,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"DTU Vind","InsFSN":"Technical University of Denmark; Department of Wind Energy","ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":12174},{"AutName":"Vanavermaete","Firstname":"David","Initials":"D.","Affiliation":"Flanders Research Institute for Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Animal Sciences Unit - Aquatic Environment and Quality","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588577,"OrderNr":20,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"ILVO","InsFSN":"Instituut voor Landbouw-, Visserij- en Voedingsonderzoek","ORCID":"0000-0002-2087-9062","PersID":41852,"InsID":5442},{"AutName":"De Witte","Firstname":"Bavo","Initials":"B.","Affiliation":"WavEC Offshore Renewables – Marine Environment & Licensing, Edifício Diogo Cão, Doca de Alcântara Norte","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405586,"AutID":588578,"OrderNr":21,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":"0000-0002-4982-6351","PersID":11997,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":405586,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":413706,"LibID":36,"BRefID":407785,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"413706","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null},{"BInstID":419098,"LibID":2779,"BRefID":407785,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"419098","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":null,"Acronym":null,"Library":"NIOZ","DutchTerm":null,"URL":null,"ClassifID":260,"Classification":"NIOZ Open Repository","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":null,"LoggedInReq":null,"Disclaimer":"Disclaimer_NIOZ","DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":397,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"NIOZ","Notes":null,"AccConID":21,"AccessConstraint":"Attribution (CC BY)","LicURL":"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/"}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":221,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Macmillan","City":"London"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coatings","ThestID":1661,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Coatings"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Anodes","ThestID":419,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Equipment > Electrical equipment > Electrodes > Anodes"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental monitoring","ThestID":2811,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Monitoring > Environmental monitoring"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Anodes"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental monitoring"}],"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","ShortName":"OMA"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"222":{"SpName":"BMB - Belgische Mariene Bibliografie","SpColID":222,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"BMB","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"BMB"},"805":{"SpName":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee","SpColID":805,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"NIOZ","URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imis/nioz/imis.php?refid=","LibID":2779,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":1,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"NIOZ"},"221":{"SpName":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","SpColID":221,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"OMA","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"OMA"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":405586,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":405586,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915","externalID":"10.1016/j.marpolbul.2025.117915","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":145648,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Anodes","ThestID":419,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coatings","ThestID":1661,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental monitoring","ThestID":2811,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Anodes","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":419,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Coatings","DutchTerm":null,"ThestID":1661,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Environmental monitoring","DutchTerm":"Milieumonitoring","ThestID":2811,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Lyssens, Liesbeth, L.","newSesDate":{"date":"2025-04-29 15:26:51.870000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"daan.van.loon@nioz.nl","updSesDate":{"date":"2026-02-04 09:47:29.213000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}