{"refrec":{"BRefID":407885,"RR":"<b>Alford, M.H.; Wynne-Cattanach, B.L.; Le Boyer, A.; Couto, N.; Voet, G.; Spingys, C.P.; Fernández Castro, B.; Forryan, A.; Naveira Garabato, A.C.; van Haren, H.</b> (2025). Buoyancy flux and mixing efficiency from direct, near-bottom turbulence measurements in a submarine canyon. <i>J. Phys. Oceanogr. 55(2)</i>: 97-118. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1</a>","BEntID":405686,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Phys. Oceanogr. 55(2)</i>: 97-118. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Alford, M.H.; Wynne-Cattanach, B.L.; Le Boyer, A.; Couto, N.; Voet, G.; Spingys, C.P.; Fernández Castro, B.; Forryan, A.; Naveira Garabato, A.C.; van Haren, H.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Alford, M.H. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<p style=\"margin-left:0px;\">Turbulent kinetic energy and thermal variance dissipation rates <i>ϵ</i> and <i>χ</i>, buoyancy flux <i>J<sub>b</sub></i>, diffusivity <i>κ<sub>ρ</sub></i>, and mixing coefficient ˆΓ≡Jbϵ−1, which is simply related to the mixing efficiency Rf=(1+ˆΓ−1)−1, are estimated from highly resolved microstructure measurements collected in a submarine canyon that has been previously shown to be experiencing near-bottom diapycnal upwelling. It is demonstrated that turbulence arises primarily from the convective instability of the internal tide. Twelve tidally resolving stations (12–48 h long) were conducted, wherein profiles were collected from between 5–15 m and 400 m above the bottom every 13–15 min using a custom turbulence vehicle. Turbulent buoyancy flux is estimated using the Osborn and Winters and D’Asaro methods, allowing direct estimation of the mixing coefficient as a function of time, temperature, and height above bottom. Turbulent dissipation and buoyancy flux generally increase toward the seafloor. The associated turbulent diapycnal diffusivity is 10<sup>−4</sup>–10<sup>−2</sup> m<sup>2</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>. Observed ˆΓ is ∼0.2 ± 0.05 near the top of our measurement range, as expected in the ocean interior, and increases to 0.3–0.7 approaching the bottom, consistent with turbulence generated by convective instability.<h3 style=\"margin-left:0px;\">Significance Statement</h3><p style=\"margin-left:0px;\">We report detailed direct turbulence measurements very close to the seafloor in a submarine canyon that are well resolved enough in time to confidently understand the processes responsible for the turbulence. We compute the fraction of turbulent power that goes toward mixing, which is an important quantity to understand the role of turbulence in supporting the ocean’s large-scale circulation.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Buoyancy flux and mixing efficiency from direct, near-bottom turbulence measurements in a submarine canyon","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-10 01:33:00.715060","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Abyssal circulation<span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(42,42,42);\">; </span>Diapycnal mixing<span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(42,42,42);\">; </span>Mixing<span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(42,42,42);\">; </span>Thermohaline circulation","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-05-08","DateCreate":"2025-05-08","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":407885,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"97-118","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"55","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43252,"SerRR":"Journal of Physical Oceanography. American Meteorological Society: Boston, etc.,.  ISSN 0022-3670; e-ISSN 1520-0485","StandardTitleSer":"Journal of Physical Oceanography","ISSN":"0022-3670","AbbrevSer":"J. Phys. Oceanogr.","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":97,"Pages":22,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Alford","Firstname":"Matthew","Initials":"M.H.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":37307,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Wynne-Cattanach","Firstname":"Bethan","Initials":"B.L.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":568001,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Le Boyer","Firstname":"Arnaud","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":494051,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Couto","Firstname":"Nicole","Initials":"N.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":568002,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Voet","Firstname":"Gunnar","Initials":"G.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":486748,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Spingys","Firstname":"Carl","Initials":"C.P.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":568009,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Fernández Castro","Firstname":"Bieito","Initials":"B.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":466648,"OrderNr":7,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Forryan","Firstname":"Alexander","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":"Univ Southampton, Ocean & Earth Sci, Natl Oceanog Ctr, Southampton SO14 3ZH, Hants, England.","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":302852,"OrderNr":8,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Naveira Garabato","Firstname":"Alberto","Initials":"A.C.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":376459,"OrderNr":9,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"van Haren","Firstname":"Hans","Initials":"H.","Affiliation":"OCS","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":405686,"AutID":211311,"OrderNr":10,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"OCS","InsFSN":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee; Ocean Sciences","ORCID":"0000-0001-8041-8121","PersID":29754,"InsID":13654}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":405686,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":413581,"LibID":2779,"BRefID":407885,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"413581","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":null,"Acronym":null,"Library":"NIOZ","DutchTerm":null,"URL":null,"ClassifID":261,"Classification":"NIOZ files","ReqLink":1,"ClassifTypID":3,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":1,"InternalReq":1,"LoggedInReq":null,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":397,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"NIOZ","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":805,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"American Meteorological Society","City":"Boston, etc.,"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"805":{"SpName":"Koninklijk Nederlands Instituut voor Onderzoek der Zee","SpColID":805,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"NIOZ","URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imis/nioz/imis.php?refid=","LibID":2779,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":1,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"NIOZ"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":405686,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":405686,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1","externalID":"10.1175/jpo-d-24-0005.1","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":145821,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"amber.van.t.veen@nioz.nl","newSesDate":{"date":"2025-05-08 08:59:55.963000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"amber.van.t.veen@nioz.nl","updSesDate":{"date":"2025-05-08 08:59:55.963000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}