{"refrec":{"BRefID":408344,"RR":"<b>Lott, A.; Rademaker, M.</b> (2025). Unconventional legal approaches to protecting underwater infrastructure. <i>NATO Seminar on Seabed Security</i>. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies: The Hague. 19 pp.","BEntID":406147,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>NATO Seminar on Seabed Security</i>. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies: The Hague.  19 pp.","DocTypID":13,"DocType":"Reports","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lott, A.; Rademaker, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lott, A.; Rademaker, M.","Englishabstract":"The international law of the sea grants hardly any protection to underwater infrastructure<br>that is located outside the limits of the territorial sea. The current protection regime of crossborder<br>submarine cables rests mostly on the 1884 Paris Convention. The 1884 Convention<br>enables the limited number of its States Parties to merely check the documents and question<br>the crew of ships flying under their flag for suspected cable cuts. There are no treaty provisions<br>that would explicitly address the protection of submarine pipelines.<br>In this context, this contribution explores unconventional legal approaches that have the<br>potential to close the security gap regarding the protection of underwater infrastructure<br>based on the peacetime legal framework of maritime law enforcement. Arguably, any e\u001cective<br>measures to increase the protection of critical underwater infrastructure would likely somewhat<br>negatively impact the freedom of navigation.<br>The potential use of measures debated in this study stem from a wide range of legal concepts,<br>including piracy, terrorism, marine environmental protection in relation to pipeline ruptures,<br>universal jurisdiction, plea of necessity, safety zones, the legal regime of straits, and compulsory<br>pilotage. Depending on the political will, these legal concepts can be employed by<br>coastal States in time-critical situations where they need to decide on interdicting a ship<br>suspected of damaging underwater infrastructure in their maritime area.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"MS","StandardTitle":"Unconventional legal approaches to protecting underwater infrastructure","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-06-19 01:37:00.795911","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":null,"MonPub":2025,"DateUpdate":"2025-06-12","DateCreate":"2025-06-12","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1},"refs":null,"anarec":null,"monrec":{"MonID":408344,"ISBN":null,"PubliDate":2025,"IssueDate":null,"Volume":null,"Issue":null,"Pagination":"19","Place":"The Hague","Edition":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerID":408345,"SerRR":"NATO Seminar on Seabed Security. The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies: The Hague. ","Ser2BRefID":null,"Ser2RR":null,"StandardTitleSer":"NATO Seminar on Seabed Security","ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"Degree":null,"ThesisID":null,"InsID":null,"Acronym":null,"FullStandardName":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"SerNotes":null,"eISBN":null,"Pages":19},"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Lott","Firstname":"Alexander","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":406147,"AutID":440906,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Rademaker","Firstname":"Michel","Initials":"M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":406147,"AutID":589842,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":1,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":414016,"LibID":36,"BRefID":408344,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"414016","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies","Place":"The Hague"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","ShortName":"VLIZ ackn"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"941":{"SpName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","SpColID":941,"ParSpColID":39,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone"},"793":{"SpName":"Marine Regions acknowledged","SpColID":793,"ParSpColID":941,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"Marine Regions ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone/Marine Regions ackn"},"39":{"SpName":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","SpColID":39,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"VLIZ ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn"}},"doi":null,"publs":[{"PublID":36419,"PublName":"The Hague Centre for Strategic Studies","InsID":null,"PersID":null,"INBOID":null,"OrderNr":1}],"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":406147,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":406147,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":null,"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2025-06-12 12:53:29.833000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","updSesDate":{"date":"2025-06-12 12:53:29.833000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}