{"refrec":{"BRefID":409387,"RR":"<b>Benthotage, C.; Schulz, K.G.; Cole, V.J.; Ewere, E.E.; Benkendorff, K.</b> (2025). Characterisation of the haemocytes of leaf oysters, <i>Isognomon ephippium</i> (Linnaeus, 1758). <i>Moll. Res. Online first</i>: 1-13. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2025.2485667\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2025.2485667</a>","BEntID":407192,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Moll. Res. Online first</i>: 1-13. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2025.2485667\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13235818.2025.2485667</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Benthotage, C.; Schulz, K.G.; Cole, V.J.; Ewere, E.E.; Benkendorff, K.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Benthotage, C. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Characterisation of the immune system of bivalves can be a key to understanding their adaptation and resilience to the environment. This study is the first to characterise the haemocytes of the Family Isognomonidae. Three different types of haemocytes, granular cells, hyalinocytes and blast-like cells, were identified by light microscopy in leaf oysters <i>Isognomon ephippium</i> (Linnaeus, 1758), with relative proportions of 8.4% (±2.3%) 76.2%, (±1.9%), and 15.3% (±1.6%), respectively, determined by flow cytometry. Scanning electron micrographs illustrated the outer appearance of the major haemocyte types, including dendritic-like cytoplasmic extensions on activated haemocytes. The total haemocyte count (THC) and bacterial counts in the haemolymph of leaf oysters, as well as the bacterial load in the source water, were compared across three estuaries with differing water quality on the north coast of New South Wales, Australia. THC ranged from 3.89 × 10<sup>5</sup>–2.89 × 10<sup>6</sup> cells/mL in leaf oysters and significantly differed among three sites. THC increased with nitrogen, but decreased with higher bacterial loads in the water, which in turn correlated to other water quality parameters. This study provides baseline information on the leaf oyster immune system to facilitate future monitoring of <i>Isognomon</i> health in relation to environmental stressors.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Characterisation of the haemocytes of leaf oysters, <i>Isognomon ephippium</i> (Linnaeus, 1758)","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-24 01:33:40.924800","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-07-02","DateCreate":"2025-07-02","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1080/13235818.2025.2485667"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":409387,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"1-13","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"Online first","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":45510,"SerRR":"Molluscan Research. 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