{"refrec":{"BRefID":413801,"RR":"<b>Steinhoff, T.; Gkritzalis, T.; Jones, S.; Macovei, V.A.; Neill, C.; Schuster, U.; Akl, J.; Arruda, R.; Atamanchuk, D.; Barry, M.; Beaumont, L.; Cantoni, C.; Dickson, A.; Fahning, J.; Fought, J.; Frangoulis, C.; Gutiérrez-Loza, L.; Hagan, C.; Honkanen, M.; Kielosto, S.; Kinski, N.; Kortzinger, A.; Landschützer, P.; Lauvset, S.K.; Lawrence-Slavas, N.; Li, Q.; Luchetta, A.; Malarde, D.; Paulsen, M.; Ritschel, M.; Rutgersson, A.; Sanders, R.; Shitashima, K.; Spaulding, R.; Stamataki, N.; Stenbäck, K.; Sutton, A.; Tatkiewicz, W.; Telszewski, M.; Theetaert, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Wanninkhof, R.</b> (2025). The ICOS OTC <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> instrument intercomparison. <i>Limnol. Oceanogr., Methods 23(12)</i>: 924-948. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727</a>","BEntID":411615,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Limnol. Oceanogr., Methods 23(12)</i>: 924-948. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1002/lom3.10727</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Steinhoff, T.; Gkritzalis, T.; Jones, S.; Macovei, V.A.; Neill, C.; Schuster, U.; Akl, J.; Arruda, R.; Atamanchuk, D.; Barry, M.; Beaumont, L.; Cantoni, C.; Dickson, A.; Fahning, J.; Fought, J.; Frangoulis, C.; Gutiérrez-Loza, L.; Hagan, C.; Honkanen, M.; Kielosto, S.; Kinski, N.; Kortzinger, A.; Landschützer, P.; Lauvset, S.K.; Lawrence-Slavas, N.; Li, Q.; Luchetta, A.; Malarde, D.; Paulsen, M.; Ritschel, M.; Rutgersson, A.; Sanders, R.; Shitashima, K.; Spaulding, R.; Stamataki, N.; Stenbäck, K.; Sutton, A.; Tatkiewicz, W.; Telszewski, M.; Theetaert, H.; Tilbrook, B.; Wanninkhof, R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Steinhoff, T. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"In 2021, the Ocean Thematic Centre of the European Research Infrastructure “Integrated Carbon Observation System” conducted an international partial pressure of carbon dioxide (<i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>) instrument intercomparison. The goal was to understand how different types of instrumentation for the measurement of ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> compare to each other. During the two-week long experiment, we installed various instruments in a tank facility using natural sea water (North Sea). These included direct air–water equilibration systems and membrane-based flow-through instruments along with submersible sensors and instruments that are normally installed on buoys and autonomous surface vehicles. In situ instruments were installed inside the tank and the flow-through instruments were fed the same water using a pumping system. We changed the temperature (between 10°C and 28°C) and the seawater <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> (between 250 and 800 <i>μ</i>atm) to observe instrument responses over a wide range. Since there is no reference for surface ocean <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub> measurements, we agreed on a set of instruments serving as intercomparison reference. All data from the different instruments were then compared against the intercomparison reference during periods of stable temperature and <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>. The study provides important information to enhance future ocean carbon monitoring networks, but makes no direct recommendation for the use of any specific sensor. A major finding is that equilibration through direct air–water contact appears to be more consistent and independent of external factors than equilibration through a membrane or photometric detection. 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