{"refrec":{"BRefID":418602,"RR":"<b>Bolotov, I.N.; Eliseeva, T.A.; Marin, I.N.; Palatov, D.M.; Nguyen, T.D.; Kropotin, A.V.; Gofarov, M.Y.; Kondakov, A.V.</b> (2025). Arthropod-associated leeches (Annelida: Hirudinida) of the World: Diversity, taxonomic reappraisal, ecological classification of host associations, and convergent evolution. <i>Ecologica Montenegrina 89</i>: 38-86. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.89.3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.89.3</a>","BEntID":416432,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Ecologica Montenegrina 89</i>: 38-86. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.89.3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2025.89.3</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Bolotov, I.N.; Eliseeva, T.A.; Marin, I.N.; Palatov, D.M.; Nguyen, T.D.; Kropotin, A.V.; Gofarov, M.Y.; Kondakov, A.V.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Bolotov, I.N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Leeches (order Hirudinida) occur in diverse associations with invertebrate animals, mostly molluscs and arthropods. If information on mollusc-associated leeches was updated in a series of recent studies, our knowledge of leech-arthropod associations is still in its infancy. In this review, we summarize available literature and original data on the taxonomic diversity, biogeographic affinities, and ecological preferences of arthropod-associated leeches at the global scale. This assemblage accounts for 45 species, 26 genera, and three families of aquatic leeches (Piscicolidae, Glossiphoniidae, and Praobdellidae). They occur in fresh, estuarine, and marine waters and use no less than 79 species, 52 genera, 24 families, and six orders of arthropods as hosts. The majority of host species belong to crustaceans (class Malacostraca; 72 species, including amphipods, crabs, isopods, mysids, shrimps, spiny and squat lobsters), followed by sea spiders (class Pycnogonida; 4 species), and insects (class Hexapoda; 3 species). Associations of leeches with crabs and shrimps are the most widespread and common in aquatic environments globally. Leeches may act as ectosymbionts, being ectoparasites or commensals, as well as endosymbionts (dwelling in the gill chamber of crabs and a shrimp). Based on our comprehensive datasets, we have designed an ecological classification of leech-arthropod associations that takes into account the key type of biotic interaction, the level of specialization of leeches, and the degree of association with host. Several cases of parallel origins (convergent evolution) of analogous leech-arthropod associations are also described, including (1) specialized permanent ectoparasites of crustaceans (fresh and sea waters); (2) specialized crab-dwelling commensals, using frogs as primary host (fresh water); (3) specialized shrimp-dwelling commensals, feeding on fish (fresh and sea waters); (4) non-specialized crab- and sea spider-dwelling commensals, attaching cocoons to the host’s surface (sea water); and (5) non-specialized temporary ectoparasites of crabs (fresh water). Based on a revision of arthropod-associated leeches and related species from the family Glossiphoniidae, we here propose two new genera, one new species, 14 new combinations, and four new synonyms. New genera are as follows: Aotearoabdella Bolotov gen. nov. (type species: Placobdella maorica Benham, 1907) and Palaemobdella Bolotov gen. nov. (type species: Placobdella ornata Oka, 1929: junior secondary homonym of Placobdella ornata (Verrill, 1872), reinstated by us based on Art. 59.4 of ICZN; = Placobdella okai Soós, 1969). Revised genera with amended diagnoses, species lists, and distribution are as follows: Batracobdelloides Oosthuizen, 1986 gen. rev.; Orientobdelloides Bolotov, Eliseeva &amp; Kondakov, 2022 gen. rev.; Paraclepsis Harding, 1924 gen. rev.; and Placobdelloides Sawyer, 1986 gen. rev. A new species is as follows: Paraclepsis dongnaiensis Bolotov, Eliseeva &amp; Kondakov sp. nov. [= Paraclepsis vulnifera Moore, 1935 nec Harding, 1924]. New combinations are as follows: Aotearoabdella bdellae (Ingram, 1957) comb. nov.; Aotearoabdella maorica (Benham, 1907) gen. &amp; comb. nov.; Batracobdelloides fulvus (Harding, 1924) comb. nov.; Batracobdelloides gracilis (Blanchard, 1897) comb. nov.; Batracobdelloides undulatus (Harding, 1924) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides bancrofti (Best, 1931) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides emydae (Harding, 1920) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides guangdongensis (Tan &amp; Liu, 2001) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides indicus (Baugh, 1960) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides inleanus (Oka, 1922) comb. nov.; Orientobdelloides octostriatus (Grube, 1867) comb. nov.; Palaemobdella horai (Baugh, 1960) comb. nov.; Palaemobdella ornata (Oka, 1929) gen. &amp; comb. nov.; Torix okadai (Oka, 1925) comb. nov. New synonyms are as follows: Hemiclepsis viridis Chelladurai, 1934 [= Paraclepsis gardensi Mandal, 2004 syn. nov.]; Oosthuizobdella garoui (Harding, 1932) [= Paraclepsis jorapariensis Mandal, 2015 syn. nov.]; and Paraclepsis ceylanica (Harding, 1909) [= Pa. vulnifera Harding, 1924 syn. nov.; = Pa. praedatrix Harding, 1924 syn. nov.].","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Arthropod-associated leeches (Annelida: Hirudinida) of the World: Diversity, taxonomic reappraisal, ecological classification of host associations, and convergent evolution","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-10-03 01:34:07.496411","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"AuthorKeywords":"biotic interations, phoresy, ectosymbiont, endosymbiont,  integrative taxonomy, parallel evolution, convergence, host-driven diversification","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-09-26","DateCreate":"2025-09-26","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.37828/em.2025.89.3"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":418602,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"38-86","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"89","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":290887,"SerRR":"Ecologica Montenegrina. 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