{"refrec":{"BRefID":418973,"RR":"<b>Kwambai, C.S.; Ennaceri, H.; Lymbery, A.J.; Laird, D.W.; Cosgrove, J.; Moheimani, N.R.</b> (2025). Toxic <i>Alexandrium</i> treatment in Western Australia: Investigating the efficacy of modified nano clay. <i>Toxins 17(10)</i>: 495. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100495\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100495</a>","BEntID":416803,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Toxins 17(10)</i>: 495. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100495\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100495</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Kwambai, C.S.; Ennaceri, H.; Lymbery, A.J.; Laird, D.W.; Cosgrove, J.; Moheimani, N.R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Kwambai, C.S. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Alexandrium spp. blooms produce a range of toxins, including spirolides, goniodomins, and paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs). Of these, PSTs are the most impactful due to their high affinity for voltage-gated sodium ion channels in nerve cell membranes. This interaction can cause neurological effects such as paralysis and, in severe cases, may lead to death. Given the implications of Alexandrium blooms on public health, all mitigation, prevention, and treatment strategies aim to reduce their socioeconomic impacts. However, monitoring harmful algal blooms remains difficult due to confounding influences such as pollution, climate change, and the inherent variability of environmental conditions. These factors can complicate early detection and management efforts, especially as the intensity and frequency of blooms continue to rise, further exacerbating their socioeconomic consequences. This review offers insights into several management approaches to prevent and control Alexandrium blooms, focusing on modified nano-clays as a promising emergency mitigation measure for low-density toxic algal blooms, especially in areas predominantly used for recreational fishing. However, it is recommended that treatment be coupled with monitoring to alleviate reliance on treatment alone.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Toxic <i>Alexandrium</i> treatment in Western Australia: Investigating the efficacy of modified nano clay","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-10-24 01:40:46.607798","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"AuthorKeywords":"harmful algal blooms; <i>Alexandrium</i> spp.; modified nano-clays; kaolinite; socio-economic impacts","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-10-17","DateCreate":"2025-10-14","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.3390/toxins17100495"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":418973,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"495","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"17","Issue":"10","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":197331,"SerRR":"Toxins. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI): Basel.  e-ISSN 2072-6651","StandardTitleSer":"Toxins","ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":"Toxins","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":495,"Pages":null,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Kwambai","Firstname":"Cherono Sheilah","Initials":"C.S.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606253,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Ennaceri","Firstname":"Houda","Initials":"H.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606254,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Lymbery","Firstname":"Alan","Initials":"A.J.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606255,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Laird","Firstname":"Damian","Initials":"D.W.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606256,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Cosgrove","Firstname":"Jeff","Initials":"J.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606257,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Moheimani","Firstname":"Navid Reza","Initials":"N.R.","Affiliation":"Algae Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":416803,"AutID":606258,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":417542,"LibID":36,"BRefID":418973,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"417542","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)","City":"Basel"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Alexandrium"}],"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","ShortName":"VLIZ ackn"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"941":{"SpName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","SpColID":941,"ParSpColID":39,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"LifeWatch Species Information Backbone","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone"},"39":{"SpName":"VLIZ Acknowledged Publications","SpColID":39,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"VLIZ ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn"},"507":{"SpName":"World Register of Marine Species","SpColID":507,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"WoRMS website","URLLocation":null,"LibID":null,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"WoRMS website"},"915":{"SpName":"World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) acknowledged","SpColID":915,"ParSpColID":941,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"WoRMS ackn","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone/WoRMS ackn"},"947":{"SpName":"WoRMS ackn - direct reference","SpColID":947,"ParSpColID":915,"TopParID":39,"ShortName":"WoRMS ackn - direct","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":39,"SpColPath":"VLIZ ackn/LifeWatch Species Information Backbone/WoRMS ackn/WoRMS ackn - direct"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":416803,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":416803,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxins17100495","externalID":"10.3390/toxins17100495","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":152775,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Alexandrium","AphiaID":109470,"TaxtID":53983}],"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Alexandrium","DutchTerm":null,"AphiaID":109470,"TaxtID":53983}],"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2025-10-14 08:15:24.773000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","updSesDate":{"date":"2025-10-17 09:04:01.370000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}