{"refrec":{"BRefID":435659,"RR":"<b>Lefaible, N.; Van Colen, C.; Jammar, C.; Vanaverbeke, J.; Moens, T.; Van Haelst, S.; Norro, A.; Degraer, S.; Braeckman, U.</b> (2025). Laying out the foundations: Assessing the spatial extent and drivers of offshore wind turbine artificial reef effects on soft sediments. <i>J. Sea Res. 208</i>: 102631. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2025.102631\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2025.102631</a>","BEntID":433489,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>J. Sea Res. 208</i>: 102631. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2025.102631\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2025.102631</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lefaible, N.; Van Colen, C.; Jammar, C.; Vanaverbeke, J.; Moens, T.; Van Haelst, S.; Norro, A.; Degraer, S.; Braeckman, U.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lefaible, N. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"With the rapid expansion of offshore energy, numerous artificial structures are being installed on the seabed, including wind turbine foundations. This study investigates the “artificial reef” (AR) effect of bottom-fixed offshore wind farms (OWFs) on soft sediment benthic communities. While previous studies have focused on distances ≥30&nbsp;m from turbines, in this study, sediment and macrobenthic samples were collected at shorter distances (1&nbsp;m, 7&nbsp;m, 15&nbsp;m and 25&nbsp;m) from the scour protection layer (SPL) around a monopile and a gravity-based foundation in two Belgian OWFs, 10–13&nbsp;years post-installation. Results show a localized AR footprint for both turbine foundations, with enriched benthic communities within 15&nbsp;m of the SPL. In comparison to communities 25&nbsp;m distanced away from the SPL, a higher average species richness (+100&nbsp;%), abundance (+117&nbsp;%), functional richness (+438&nbsp;%), and bioturbation potential (+86&nbsp;%) was prevalent, whereas the magnitude of enriched structural and functional diversity in the footprint varied respectively between 16 and 80&nbsp;% and 15–110&nbsp;% depending on the OWF. Beyond the AR footprint, communities resembled those at reference sites (240–570&nbsp;m), with less surface dwellers, suspension feeders and a prevalence of burrowing biodiffusors that contribute little to bioturbation. While the AR effect's magnitude depends on local conditions and foundation design, our trait-based analysis indicates that sediment fining, biofouling drop-offs and organic enrichment are consistent drivers shaping the AR footprint.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Laying out the foundations: Assessing the spatial extent and drivers of offshore wind turbine artificial reef effects on soft sediments","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-17 01:33:03.465158","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"Offshore renewable energy; Spatial reef effects; Biological trait analysis; Ecosystem functioning","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2025-10-31","DateCreate":"2025-10-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001584243400001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.seares.2025.102631"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":435659,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"102631","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"208","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43261,"SerRR":"Journal of Sea Research. 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