{"refrec":{"BRefID":436073,"RR":"<b>Friedlingstein, Pierre; Le Quéré, Corinne; O’Sullivan, Michael; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Li, Hongmei; van der Woude, Auke; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Pongratz, Julia; Regnier, Pierre; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Gasser, Thomas; Jones, Matthew W.; Lan, Xin; Morgan, Eric; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Sitch, Stephen; Tian, Hanqin</b> (2026). Emerging climate impact on carbon sinks in a consolidated carbon budget. <i>Nature (Lond.) 649(8095)</i>: 98-103. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5</a>","BEntID":433903,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Nature (Lond.) 649(8095)</i>: 98-103. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Friedlingstein, Pierre; Le Quéré, Corinne; O’Sullivan, Michael; Hauck, Judith; Landschützer, Peter; Luijkx, Ingrid T.; Li, Hongmei; van der Woude, Auke; Schwingshackl, Clemens; Pongratz, Julia; Regnier, Pierre; Andrew, Robbie M.; Bakker, Dorothee C. E.; Canadell, Josep G.; Ciais, Philippe; Gasser, Thomas; Jones, Matthew W.; Lan, Xin; Morgan, Eric; Olsen, Are; Peters, Glen P.; Peters, Wouter; Sitch, Stephen; Tian, Hanqin","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Friedlingstein, Pierre <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Despite the adoption of the Paris Agreement 10 years ago, carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions from burning fossil fuels continue to increase, pushing atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> levels to 423 ppm in 2024 and driving human-induced warming to 1.36 °C, within years of breaching the 1.5 °C limit<sup>1,2</sup>. Accurate reporting of anthropogenic and natural CO<sub>2</sub> sources and sinks is a prerequisite to tracking the effectiveness of climate policy and detecting carbon-sink responses to climate change. Yet notable mismatches between reported emissions and sinks have so far prevented confident interpretation of their trends and drivers<sup>1</sup>. Here we present and integrate recent advances in observations and process understanding to address some long-standing issues in global carbon budget estimates. We show that the magnitude of the natural land sink is substantially smaller than previously estimated, whereas net emissions from anthropogenic land-use change are revised upwards<a href=\"https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09802-5#ref-CR1\"><sup>1</sup></a>. The ocean sink is 15% larger than the land sink, consistent with recent evidence from oceanic and atmospheric observations<sup>3,4</sup>. Climate change reduces the efficiency of the sinks, particularly on land, contributing 8.3 ± 1.4 ppm to the atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> increase since 1960. The combined effects of climate change and deforestation have turned Southeast Asian and large parts of South American tropical forests from CO<sub>2</sub> sinks to sources. This underscores the need to halt deforestation and limit warming to prevent further loss of carbon stored on land. Improved confidence in assessments of CO<sub>2</sub> sources and sinks is fundamental for effective climate policy.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Emerging climate impact on carbon sinks in a consolidated carbon budget","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-20 01:33:18.987601","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2026,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-03-30","DateCreate":"2025-11-25","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001641036400001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":436073,"PubliDate":2026,"Pagination":"98-103","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"649","Issue":"8095","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":43431,"SerRR":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science. Nature Publishing Group: London.  ISSN 0028-0836; e-ISSN 1476-4687","StandardTitleSer":"Nature: International Weekly Journal of Science","ISSN":"0028-0836","AbbrevSer":"Nature (Lond.)","StandardTitleMon":null,"StartPage":98,"Pages":6,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"S","SerNotes":null},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":[{"YBRefID":436912,"RefStrFull":"<b>McKinley, G.A.</b> (2026). Global carbon budget rebalanced. <i>Nature (Lond.) 649(8095)</i>: 32-33. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-03981-x\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/d41586-025-03981-x</a>","RelID":4,"Relation":"Related to","StandardTitle":"Global carbon budget rebalanced"}],"relationsRev":null,"addrec":null,"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Landschützer","Firstname":"Peter","Initials":"P.","Affiliation":"Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ)","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":433903,"AutID":508439,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"VLIZ","InsFSN":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","ORCID":"0000-0002-7398-3293","PersID":41702,"InsID":36},{"AutName":"Regnier","Firstname":"Pierre","Initials":"P.","Affiliation":"Department of Geoscience, Environment and Society-BGEOSYS, Université Libre de Bruxelles","Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":433903,"AutID":614112,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":"BGéOsys","InsFSN":"Université Libre de Bruxelles; Faculté des Sciences; Département des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Environnement; Groupe de Biogéochimie et Modélisation du Système Terre","ORCID":null,"PersID":3934,"InsID":11949}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":null,"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":[{"BInstID":418587,"LibID":36,"BRefID":436073,"EmbargoDate":null,"FullEmbargoDate":null,"PhysMedID":16,"hasOCRd":1,"ShelfLocCode":"418587","RFID":null,"PaidValue":null,"Medium":"Server","Description":"VLIZ Open Access","Acronym":"VLIZ","Library":"Vlaams Instituut voor de Zee","DutchTerm":"Open access","URL":null,"ClassifID":53,"Classification":"Open access","ReqLink":null,"ClassifTypID":1,"URLLocation":"https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/","SubDir":null,"InternalReq":0,"LoggedInReq":0,"Disclaimer":null,"DutchDisclaimer":null,"FileFormat":".pdf","FileDescr":"pdf","InsPub":1,"InsID":36,"FileFormID":6,"LendableFlag":null,"PublicFlag":1,"orderLib":"A","Notes":null,"AccConID":null,"AccessConstraint":null,"LicURL":null}],"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":[{"PublName":"Nature Publishing Group","City":"London"}],"MONpubls":null,"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":null,"thestermsASFA":null,"taxtermsASFA":null,"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":[{"Collection":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","ShortName":"OMA"}],"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"222":{"SpName":"BMB - Belgische Mariene Bibliografie","SpColID":222,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"BMB","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"BMB"},"221":{"SpName":"OMA - Open Marien Archief","SpColID":221,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"OMA","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":1,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"OMA"},"1064":{"SpName":"Peer reviewed VLIZ publications","SpColID":1064,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"PR VLIZ pubs","URLLocation":null,"LibID":null,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"PR VLIZ pubs"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":null,"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":433903,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":433903,"AbstractFlag":1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":[{"URL":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5","externalID":"10.1038/s41586-025-09802-5","URLTypeCode":"DOI","URLID":153965,"URLTypID":13,"URLType":"DOI","URLPrefix":"http://dx.doi.org/"}],"thesterms":null,"taxterms":null,"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":null,"taxtermsFRIS":null,"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Verheyde, Fons, F.","newSesDate":{"date":"2025-11-25 11:11:12.383000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Verheyde, Fons, F.","updSesDate":{"date":"2026-03-30 12:18:02.720000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}