{"refrec":{"BRefID":437349,"RR":"<b>Uchikawa, J.; Karancz, S.; Wolthers, M.; Pacho, L.; Harper, D.T.; Penman, D.E.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Reichart, G.-J.; Zeebe, R.E.</b> (2025). Changes in calcium ion concentration as the common driver for Na, K, S, and B incorporation during inorganic calcite precipitation in Mg-free artificial seawater. <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 398</i>: 67-82. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.022\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.022</a>","BEntID":435180,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 398</i>: 67-82. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.022\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.022</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Uchikawa, J.; Karancz, S.; Wolthers, M.; Pacho, L.; Harper, D.T.; Penman, D.E.; de Nooijer, L.J.; Reichart, G.-J.; Zeebe, R.E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Uchikawa, J. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">Calcite is known to incorporate a range of non-constituent ions during its precipitation from aqueous solutions. Their concentrations (measured as </span><i>E</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">/Ca ratios, where </span><i>E</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> denotes the elemental forms of non-constituent ions) in calcite formed in seawater can serve as useful tools for paleoceanographic studies. But this requires concrete understanding of the incorporation patterns and their dependence to environmental factors at the time of mineral precipitation. Here, we present Na/Ca, K/Ca, S/Ca, and B/Ca ratios of inorganic calcite samples generated in laboratory experiments using Mg-free </span><a href=\"https://www-sciencedirect-com.proxy-ub.rug.nl/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/artificial-seawater\"><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">artificial seawater</span></a><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> with systematic manipulations of pH, [DIC], and [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">]. The three parameters were varied both individually (the pH, DIC, and Ca experimental series) and in tandem (the pH-Ca and DIC-Ca series) to form calcites under variable versus near-constant precipitation rates (denoted as </span><i>R</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">). All measured </span><i>E</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">/Ca ratios showed a robust positive linear dependence to changes in [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">] in the Ca, pH-Ca, and DIC-Ca series, irrespective of changes in </span><i>R</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">. While K/Ca and S/Ca ratios changed almost exclusively with [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">], Na/Ca and B/Ca ratios showed an additionally strong increase with increasing pH and a more moderate increase with rising [DIC], when </span><i>R</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> changed accordingly in the pH and DIC series. While </span><i>R</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">-driven kinetic effects and/or formation of certain cation–anion pairs may be important for the elemental uptake in calcite under some circumstances, these mechanisms or processes cannot fully account for the observed trends in every experimental series for all </span><i>E</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">/Ca ratios considered here. We propose that the observed </span><i>E</i><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">/Ca trends can be comprehensively explained by simultaneously considering the nonequivalent influence of changes in solution [Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">] and [CO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">] on step-specific kink formation dynamics and the size difference between the respective non-constituent ions (K</span><sup>+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">, Na</span><sup>+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">, SO</span><sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">, and B(OH)</span><sub>4</sub><sup>−</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> and B(OH)</span><sub>3</sub><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\">) relative to Ca</span><sup>2+</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> and CO</span><sub>3</sub><sup>2−</sup><span style=\"color:rgb(31,31,31);\"> that constitute the calcite lattice.</span>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Changes in calcium ion concentration as the common driver for Na, K, S, and B incorporation during inorganic calcite precipitation in Mg-free artificial seawater","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-10 01:33:05.121680","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"<p style=\"margin-left:0px;\">Inorganic calcite; Paleo-proxies; Laboratory experiments; Elemental incorporation; Seawater chemistry","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-01-22","DateCreate":"2026-01-22","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1016/j.gca.2025.03.022"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":437349,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"67-82","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"398","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42901,"SerRR":"Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta. 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