{"refrec":{"BRefID":437471,"RR":"<b>Bats, Y.F.; Nierop, K.G.J.; Stuart-Lee, A.E.; Frieling, J.; van Roij, L.; Reichart, G.-J.; Sluijs, A.</b> (2025). Impact of chemical treatments on the molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of sporomorphs. <i>Biogeosciences 22(18)</i>: 4689-4704. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025</a>","BEntID":435302,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Biogeosciences 22(18)</i>: 4689-4704. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Bats, Y.F.; Nierop, K.G.J.; Stuart-Lee, A.E.; Frieling, J.; van Roij, L.; Reichart, G.-J.; Sluijs, A.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Bats, Y.F. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<span style=\"background-color:rgb(255,255,255);color:rgb(70,70,70);\">The stable carbon isotope composition (<i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C) of plants and algae is influenced by environmental factors, such as <i>p</i>CO<sub>2</sub>, water availability, and altitude. To effectively use the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C of fossil material as a proxy for these parameters, it is essential to understand the chemical and isotopic effects of diagenesis and conventional chemical treatments. In this study, we subject various species of pollen and spores of higher plants to different chemical treatments simulating diagenesis and chemical alteration in the environment as well as palynological processing. We analyze changes in the molecular and isotopic composition using pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (Py-GC-MS) and both elemental analyzer–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (EA-IRMS) and laser ablation–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (LA-IRMS), respectively. We find that saponification removes extractable and ester-bound lipids, which increases the <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C value of the sporomorphs. Treatment with HF and HCl (HF–HCl) removed most hydrolyzable polysaccharides and proteins, causing a drop in <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values. Acetolysis produced aromatic-rich residual sporomorphs with the lowest <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values compared to other treatments, likely representing the diagenetically resistant sporopollenin polymer. These findings imply a successional depletion of <sup>13</sup>C during fossil maturation, where aliphatic lipids are diagenetically removed in the process, until only the relatively <sup>13</sup>C-depleted sporopollenin remains. To adequately compare fossil and extant sporomorph <i>δ</i><sup>13</sup>C values, we advise the use of HF–HCl and a lipid removal step other than acetolysis as the palynological treatment, as acetolysis treats the material non-uniformly. Lastly, LA-IRMS shows promise for targeted isotopic analysis of individual specimens of various types of palynomorphs.</span>","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Impact of chemical treatments on the molecular and stable carbon isotopic composition of sporomorphs","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-02-11 01:33:24.695516","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-02-04","DateCreate":"2026-02-04","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.5194/bg-22-4689-2025"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":437471,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"4689-4704","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"22","Issue":"18","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":68092,"SerRR":"<b>Gattuso, J.P.; Kesselmeier, J. (Ed.)</b> Biogeosciences. Copernicus Publications: Göttingen.  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