{"refrec":{"BRefID":437592,"RR":"<b>Schols, R.; Hammoud, C.; Bisschop, K.; Vanoverberghe, I.; Huyse, T.; Decaestecker, E.</b> (2025). Schistosome species, parasite development, and co-infection combinations determine microbiome dynamics in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata. <i>Anim. Microbiome 7(1)</i>: 101. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42523-025-00471-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42523-025-00471-3</a>","BEntID":435423,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Anim. Microbiome 7(1)</i>: 101. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42523-025-00471-3\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s42523-025-00471-3</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Schols, R.; Hammoud, C.; Bisschop, K.; Vanoverberghe, I.; Huyse, T.; Decaestecker, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Schols, R. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"<h3 style=\"margin-left:0px;\"><strong>Background</strong></h3>Schistosomiasis is a snail-borne disease affecting over 200&nbsp;million people worldwide. Despite dedicated control efforts and effective diagnostic tools, schistosomiasis remains prevalent. Novel and sustainable control measures are urgently needed. Bacteria might offer such a solution as links between bacteria, disease resistance and transmission potential of intermediate hosts have been established in other systems. To better understand the tripartite interaction potentially driving snail-schistosome compatibility patterns, microbial communities must be investigated throughout and across various parasite exposure conditions. Therefore, we studied <i>Biomphalaria glabrata</i> snails exposed to a high- and low-shedder population of <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> and <i>Schistosoma rodhaini</i> in single and co-exposure experiments. Snails were sacrificed at different time points post-exposure and their bacterial communities and trematode (co-)infection status were determined through metabarcoding tools.<h3 style=\"margin-left:0px;\"><strong>Results</strong></h3>Snails infected by low- and high-shedder <i>S. mansoni</i> populations were more likely to have bacterial community dysbiosis than those infected by <i>S. rodhaini</i> but this was also affected by miracidial load. Moreover, the single-infection hierarchical effect on the bacterial component of the microbiome is not maintained under co-infection with <i>S. rodhaini</i>, which appears to stabilize the snail’s bacterial profile even after being outcompeted by high-shedder <i>S. mansoni</i>. Finally, alpha diversity differed significantly between infected and uninfected snails around the onset period of shedding at 30 days post-miracidial exposure.<h3 style=\"margin-left:0px;\"><strong>Conclusion</strong></h3>The timing of this bacterial shift suggests an intricate parasite-snail interaction around key parasite development moments. Future studies investigating the tripartite interaction are advised to consider the effect of outcompeted or prepatent infections on the snail’s microbiome.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Schistosome species, parasite development, and co-infection combinations determine microbiome dynamics in the snail Biomphalaria glabrata","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-21 01:33:43.070347","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-02-11","DateCreate":"2026-02-11","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1186/s42523-025-00471-3"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":437592,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"101","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"7","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":393357,"SerRR":"Animal Microbiome. 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