{"refrec":{"BRefID":441004,"RR":"<b>Rahayu, S.; Santjojo, D.J.F.H.; Wirawan, R.; Masruroh, M.</b> (2026). Green extraction of chitosan from <i>Pinctada maxima</i> shells: Comprehensive physicochemical properties and antibacterial performance for biomedical applications. <i>Central European Journal of Energetic Materials 6(1)</i>: 2698190. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26889277.2026.2698190\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26889277.2026.2698190</a>","BEntID":438838,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Central European Journal of Energetic Materials 6(1)</i>: 2698190. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26889277.2026.2698190\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/26889277.2026.2698190</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Rahayu, S.; Santjojo, D.J.F.H.; Wirawan, R.; Masruroh, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Rahayu, S. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"The growing demand for eco-friendly biomaterials with sustained bacterial activity highlights chitosan as a promising medical material, yet conventional extraction often yields inconsistent quality. This research established a sustainable extraction route by varying isolation sequence, NaOH concentration (40–60%), and microwave-assisted deacetylation time (0–20 min). Chitosan was characterized by FTIR,<sup>1</sup>H NMR, XRD, viscometry, EDX, and FESEM, and antibacterial activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and <i>Escherichia coli</i> was evaluated by broth microdilution and plate-count assays. The optimal process demineralization followed by deacetylation with 60% NaOH for 15 minutes under microwave irradiation (Ch-MW60-15) produced a high degree of deacetylation (95.37%), reduced molecular weight (206–148 kDa), lower viscosity (3.17–2.45 cP L/g), and higher crystallinity (60.89%). XRD and EDX indicated residual CaCO<sub>3</sub>, so the product is best described as a high-DD chitosan-CaCO<sub>3</sub> composite.<sup>1</sup>H NMR showed characteristic chitosan resonances without a prominent acetyl-methyl signal (∼2 ppm), confirming a high-DD backbone. FESEM revealed an interconnected porous-layered morphology with uniform particles (273.98 ± 10.49 nm), supporting improved antibacterial performance. Ch-MW60-15 reduced <i>Escherichia coli</i> (3.12 to ∼2.0 log CFU/mL) and <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (3.0 to ∼1.92 log CFU/mL) at 20 ppm, with complete inhibition at 80 ppm, indicating suitability for biomedical applications.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Green extraction of chitosan from <i>Pinctada maxima</i> shells: Comprehensive physicochemical properties and antibacterial performance for biomedical applications","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-08-04 01:46:59.310680","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"AuthorKeywords":"Chitosan; green extraction; microwave-assisted deacetylation; physicochemical properties; antibacterial performance","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2026,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-07-28","DateCreate":"2026-07-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1,"DOI":"10.1080/26889277.2026.2698190"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":441004,"PubliDate":2026,"Pagination":"2698190","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"6","Issue":"1","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":379936,"SerRR":"Central European Journal of Energetic Materials. 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