{"refrec":{"BRefID":448951,"RR":"<b>Lacave, G.; Cox, E.</b> (2025). Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occurrence, epidemiology and vaccine reactions in cetaceans: a thirty-year retrospective based on two global surveys. <i>Dis. Aquat. Org. 163</i>: 63-78. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03862\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03862</a>","BEntID":446789,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Dis. Aquat. Org. 163</i>: 63-78. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03862\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.3354/dao03862</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Lacave, G.; Cox, E.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Lacave, G.; Cox, E.","Englishabstract":"Erysipelas, an infection caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, has always been a threat to marine mammal collections. A first global survey (1989-2000) about erysipelas occurrences, covering 1384 animals, reported 69 cases of erysipelas (5%). To better understand the disease epidemiology and vaccine-related reactions, a second survey (2001-2020) was conducted, reaching a 68.6% response rate (140/204 facilities) and including 2267 cetaceans. It reported 108 cases (4.8%), with more than 5 cases annually and a 50% fatality rate. At least 1 case was reported in 40% of responding facilities, all involving non-vaccinated animals or those vaccinated only once or twice. Most facilities began vaccinating after experiencing a case, while fear of adverse fatal anaphylaxis reaction remains the primary reason for avoiding it. Notably, only 1 fatal vaccine reaction was reported in 1989, though procaine penicillin had been co-administered. Adverse reactions were rare and mostly resembled expected inflammatory reactions post vaccination such as anorexia, local swelling or blood changes. These were more frequent with oil-adjuvanted vaccines containing alpha-tocopherol or Amphigen (R), and minimal to absent with aluminum hydroxide-based vaccines. Three facilities using the Amphigen (R)-adjuvanted ER Bac (R) Plus vaccine (Zoetis) observed transient lethargy and irregular breathing in 8 animals after several vaccinations, of which 1 had been treated. Regional differences in vaccine availability were observed. This 30 yr retrospective study highlights that cetaceans in human care face a greater risk of dying from erysipelas than from vaccine side effects. Furthermore, regular vaccination appears to offer effective protection against this preventable disease.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae occurrence, epidemiology and vaccine reactions in cetaceans: a thirty-year retrospective based on two global surveys","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-10-11 01:33:37.788482","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"AuthorKeywords":"Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae;Epidemiology;Vaccination;Risk assessment;Anaphylactic reaction;Cetacean;Survey;antigenic components;cross-protection;response rates;adjuvants;swine;immunoassay;septicemia;diseases;strains;mice","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2025,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2026-09-28","DateCreate":"2026-09-28","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:001606113400001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.3354/dao03862"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":448951,"PubliDate":2025,"Pagination":"63-78","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"163","Issue":null,"BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42792,"SerRR":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms. Inter Research: Oldendorf/Luhe.  ISSN 0177-5103; e-ISSN 1616-1580","StandardTitleSer":"Diseases of Aquatic Organisms","ISSN":"0177-5103","AbbrevSer":"Dis. Aquat. 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