{"refrec":{"BRefID":68693,"RR":"<b>Hernroth, B.; Baden, S.P.; Holm, K.; Andre, T.; Söderhäll, I.</b> (2004). Manganese induced immune suppression of the lobster, <i>Nephrops norvegicus</i>. <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 70(3)</i>: 223-231. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.004\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.004</a>","BEntID":64881,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 70(3)</i>: 223-231. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.004\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.004</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Hernroth, B.; Baden, S.P.; Holm, K.; Andre, T.; Söderhäll, I.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Hernroth, B. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Manganese (Mn) is one of the most abundant elements on earth, particularly in the soft bottom sediments of the oceans. As a micronutrient Mn is essential in the metabolic processes of organisms. However, at high concentrations the metal becomes a neurotoxin with well-documented effects. As a consequence of euthrophication, manganese is released from bottom sediments of coastal areas and the Norway lobsters, <i>Nephrops norvegicus</i>, can experience high levels of bioavailable Mn<sup>2+</sup>. Here, we present the first report showing that Mn also affects several fundamental processes in the mobilisation and activation of immunoactive haemocytes. When N. norvegicus was exposed to a realistic [Mn2+] of 20 mg l<sup>-1</sup> for 10 days 24.1 μg ml<sup>-1</sup> was recorded in the haemolymph. At this concentration the total haemocyte count was reduced by ca. 60%. By using BrdU as a tracer for cell division, it was shown that the proliferation rate in the haematopoietic tissue did not increase, despite the haemocytepenia. A gene coding for a Runt-domain protein, known to be involved in maturation of immune active haemocytes in a variety of organisms, was identified also in haemocytes of N. norvegicus. The expression of this gene was >40% lower in the Mn-exposed lobsters as judged by using a cDNA probe and the in situ hybridisation technique. In response to non-self molecules, like lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the granular haemocytes of arthropods are known to degranulate and thereby release and activate the prophenoloxidase system, necessary for their immune defence. A degranulation assay, tested on isolated granular haemocytes, showed about 75% lower activity in the Mn-exposed lobsters than that for the unexposed. Furthermore, using an enzymatic assay, the activation per se of prophenoloxidase by LPS was found blocked in the Mn-exposed lobsters. Taken together, these results show that Mn exposure suppressed fundamental immune mechanisms of Norway lobsters. This identifies a potential harm that also exists for other organisms and should be considered when increasing the distribution of bioavailable Mn, as has been done through recently introduced applications of the metal.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Manganese induced immune suppression of the lobster, <i>Nephrops norvegicus</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-06-06 01:32:13.072887","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"manganese; Norway lobster; Nephrops norvegicus; arthropod;immunotoxicology; immune suppression","OtherDescriptors":"Manganese; Norway lobster; Nephrops norvegicus; Arthropod; Immunotoxicology; Immune suppression","Notes":null,"AnaPub":2004,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2020-10-05","DateCreate":"2004-12-09","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000225532000006","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2004.09.004"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":68693,"PubliDate":2004,"Pagination":"223-231","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"70","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42203,"SerRR":"Aquatic Toxicology. 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