{"refrec":{"BRefID":76182,"RR":"<b>Bielmyer, G.K.; Brix, K.V.; Capo, T.R.; Grosell, M.</b> (2005). The effects of metals on embryo-larval and adult life stages of the sea urchin, <i>Diadema antillarum</i>. <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 74(3)</i>: 254-263. <a href=\"http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.016\" target=\"_blank\">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.016</a>","BEntID":71827,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":1,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Aquat. Toxicol. 74(3)</i>: 254-263. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.016\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.016</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Bielmyer, G.K.; Brix, K.V.; Capo, T.R.; Grosell, M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Bielmyer, G.K. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Since the massive population decline of the long-spined sea urchin, <i>Diadema antillarum</i>, in the early 1980s, the dynamics of coral reef ecosystems in the Caribbean have changed tremendously. The absence of <i>D. antillarum</i>, once a keystone herbivore, has led to macroalgal dominance in many of these reef communities. <i>D. antillarum</i> is not only important ecologically, but may also be a sensitive bioindicator species for toxicant exposure. Echinoderm larval development tests were conducted with <i>D. antillarum</i> exposed to elevated levels of aqueous copper (Cu), silver (Ag), nickel (Ni), or selenium (Se). All metals significantly affected larval development, based on normal development to the pluteus stage. The EC50s based on dissolved metal concentrations were 11&nbsp;&#x3bc;g/L Cu, 6&nbsp;&#x3bc;g/L Ag, 15&nbsp;&#x3bc;g/L Ni, and 26&nbsp;&#x3bc;g/L Se. Adult sea urchins were exposed to aqueous copper under flow through conditions for 96&nbsp;h. The 96-h LC50 for this exposure was 25&nbsp;&#x3bc;g/L dissolved Cu. Additionally, behavioral and physiological disturbance was observed. The physiological responses included both acid&#x2013;base balance disturbance, as evidenced by reduced coelomic fluid pH and apparent ionoregulatory effects. In addition, behavioral effects included spatial orientation within the exposure tank, spine closure, and loss of spines. The high sensitivity of both adult and larval <i>D. antillarum</i> to these metals supports the use of this organism as an important biological indicator for metal exposure in marine environments.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"The effects of metals on embryo-larval and adult life stages of the sea urchin, <i>Diadema antillarum</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":"copper; silver; nickel; selenium; Diadema antillarum","OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2005,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2018-05-17","DateCreate":"2005-09-05","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000231522000006","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0,"DOI":"10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.05.016"},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":76182,"PubliDate":2005,"Pagination":"254-263","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"74","Issue":"3","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":42203,"SerRR":"Aquatic Toxicology. Elsevier Science: Tokyo; New York; London; Amsterdam.  ISSN 0166-445X; e-ISSN 1879-1514","StandardTitleSer":"Aquatic Toxicology","ISSN":"0166-445X","AbbrevSer":"Aquat. 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