{"refrec":{"BRefID":76950,"RR":"<b>de Groot, S.J.</b> (1989). The former allis and twaite shad fisheries of the Lower Rhine, The Netherlands. <i>CM Documents - ICES</i>, C.M. 1989(M:19). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: Copenhagen.  5 + tables + figures pp.","BEntID":72545,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":null,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>CM Documents - ICES</i>, C.M. 1989(M:19). International Council for the Exploration of the Sea: Copenhagen.  5 + tables + figures pp.","DocTypID":13,"DocType":"Reports","MarineFlag":0,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":1,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"de Groot, S.J.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"de Groot, S.J.","Englishabstract":"The allis shad (<i>Alosa alosa</i>) and the twaite shad (<i>A. Fallax</i>) were the subject of intensive fisheries during the months of April and May. Both fisheries came to an end. At present the restocking, leading to recolonization by the two species at the Rhine River, is under review. Data on the catches of allis shad could be traced for the period 1880-1932, and for the twaite shad for the period 1893-1970. Fisheries for the first species came to an end in 1910 and for the second in 1966. The decline and ultimate disappearance of the allis shad was caused by overfishing and destruction of the spawning areas, the twaite shad fishery after a steep increase in the end thirties beginning of the forties, went steep down in 1942, and the species was not able to reproduce anymore, since the tidal regime of the Lower Rhine was changed into a nontidal river by constructing the Deltaworks in the Haringvliet and Hollands Diep. 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