{"refrec":{"BRefID":77308,"RR":"<b>Herzig, P.M.; Becker, K.; Stoffers, P.; Bäcker, H.; Blum, N.</b> (1988). Hydrothermal silica chimney fields in the Galapagos Spreading Center at 86°W. <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89(3-4)</i>: 261-272. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90115-X\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90115-X</a>","BEntID":72913,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 89(3-4)</i>: 261-272. <a href=\"https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90115-X\" target=\"_blank\">https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(88)90115-X</a>","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Herzig, P.M.; Becker, K.; Stoffers, P.; Bäcker, H.; Blum, N.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Herzig, P.M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Silica chimneys were discovered in 1985 at 86 degree W in the rift valley of the Galapagos Spreading Center at 2600 m depth (\"Cauliflower Garden\"). The inactive chimneys lack any sulfides and consist almost entirely of amorphous silica (up to 96 wt.% SiO<sub>2</sub>), opal-A); Fe and Mn oxides are minor constituents. Oxygen isotope data show that formation of the silica chimneys took place at temperatures between 32 degree C (+29.9 ppt delta<sup>18</sup>O) and 42 degree C (+27.8 ppt delta<sup>18</sup>O). Th/U dating reveals a maximum age of 1440 plus or minus 300 y. 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