{"refrec":{"BRefID":78624,"RR":"<b>Stienen, E.W.M.; van Beers, P.W.M.; Brenninkmeijer, A.; Habraken, J.M.P.M.; Raaijmakers, M.H.J.E.; Van Tienen, P.G.M.</b> (2005). Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging conditions in Sandwich Terns <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>, <b><i>in</i></b>: Stienen, E.W.M. <i>Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the Sandwich Tern <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>. Alterra Scientific Contributions,</i> 15: pp. 15-37","BEntID":309905,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":0,"vabbflag":0,"RefStringPartII":", <b><i>in</i></b>: Stienen, E.W.M. <i>Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the Sandwich Tern <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>. Alterra Scientific Contributions,</i> 15: pp. 15-37","DocTypID":17,"DocType":"Book chapters","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Stienen, E.W.M.; van Beers, P.W.M.; Brenninkmeijer, A.; Habraken, J.M.P.M.; Raaijmakers, M.H.J.E.; Van Tienen, P.G.M.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Stienen, E.W.M. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Highly specialised piscivorous seabirds, like Sandwich Terns <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>, have limited capacity to switch to alternative prey species when the availability of a particular prey species is low. Therefore, variations in the diet of such species are likely to reflect fluctuations in food availability. We studied food provisioning of Sandwich Tern chicks on Griend in 1992-98. About 75% of the fish brought to the colony were eaten by the chicks. The rest was lost, mainly to robbing Black-headed Gulls <i>Larus ridibundus</i>. Parents met the increasing energy demands of the growing chicks by adjusting prey size, rather than increasing the rate of prey transport to the chicks. Distinct patterns in food transport rate, diet composition and prey size were associated with weather conditions and diurnal or tidal rhythms. Food transport to the colony was severely curtailed by strong winds, but was also relatively low at low wind speeds. Wind speed also had a large impact on prey size and diet composition, with a decreasing proportion of Clupeidae brought to the chicks as foraging conditions became worse. Distinct diurnal rhythms in food transport coincided with diel vertical migration patterns in Clupeidae and Ammodytidae. Clupeidae were mostly brought to the colony early in the morning and late in the evening, while the transport of Ammodytidae was highest around noon. Tidal patterns in food delivery rate were probably related to tide-specific foraging areas used by the terns. A fish monitoring programme showed considerable variation in food abundance within the foraging area of the terns. Especially Clupeidae had a patchy distribution and most clupeids were caught in the coastal areas around Vlieland. In accordance to the pattern found in the colony, Clupeidae caught in 1996 and 1997 towards fledging of the chicks and just after hatching of the chicks in 1998 were relatively small.","AbstractOtherLang":"Zeevogels zijn zeer gevoelig voor veranderingen in het voedselaanbod. Vooral bij gespecialiseerde soorten, zoals de Grote Stern <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i> zullen fluctuaties in het voedselaanbod meteen zichtbaar zijn in de voedselsamenstelling van de kuikens. In de zuidelijke Noordzee worden de kuikens van de Grote Stern uitsluitend gevoerd met haring- en zandspieringachtigen (verder haring en zandspiering genoemd). Van deze vissoorten is bekend dat hun gedrag een ritmiek vertoont met het tijdstip van de dag en het getij. Het is dus te verwachten, dat dergelijke ritmische patronen in het prooiaanbod weerspiegeld worden in het voedselaanbod van de kuikens. Op het Waddeneiland Griend is van 1992- 98 gedetailleerd naar de patronen in de voedselaanvoer gekeken. Ieder jaar is een gedeelte van een subkolonie omheind met kippengaas (enclosures) om te voorko- men dat de kuikens wegliepen van het nest. Binnen de omheining werden alle jongen meteen na het uitkomen geringd en werden ongeveer 20 kuikens gekleurmerkt om ze individueel te kunnen herkennen. In de meeste jaren werd de voedselaanvoer naar de kuikens van het moment van uitkomen tot het uitvliegen van de kuikens dagelijks van 4:30-22:30 uur gemeten. Tevens is in de periode 1995-98 in het foerageergebied van de sterns het voedselaanbod bemonsterd met behulp van een Isaac's Middwater Trawl net (IKMT-net). Het voedsel van de kuikens bestond voor meer dan 99% uit haring en zandspiering. Van alle prooien die naar de kolonie werden gebracht (n = 17937), werd gemiddeld 70% gegeten door de kuikens. De rest werd geroofd door Kokmeeuwen <i>Larus ridibundus</i> (19%), verdween uit het zicht van de waarnemer (8%), werd geroofd door andere soorten ( 1%), werd door de ouder zelf opgegeten of viel in het nest (3%). Met het ouder worden van de kuikens bleef de aanvoersnelheid vrijwel gelijk, maar werd de lengte van de prooien aangepast aan de energiebehoefte van de kuikens. Nesten met twee kuikens kregen meer prooien aangevoerd dan die met één kuiken, maar de prooien werden vooral aan het eerst uitgekomen kuiken gevoerd. Het meeste voedsel werd aangevoerd bij een gemiddelde windsnelheid (5- 12 m s<sup>-1</sup> ). Het aandeel haring in het voedsel nam af met de windsnelheid, hetgeen is gerelateerd aan het gedrag van de prooivissen. Bij sterke wind zitten haringen dieper in de waterkolom en zijn zij meer verspreid aanwezig, zodat de vangkans voor de sterns afneemt. Ook wordt gesuggereerd dat de sterns bij harde wind meer in de Waddenzee foerageren, omdat de omstandigheden op de Noordzee dan minder gunstig zijn. De bemonstering van de prooivissen laat zien dat de Waddenzee relatief weinig haring bevat. Er was een duidelijk patroon in voedselsamenstelling in de loop van de dag. Haringen werden vooral 's ochtends en 's avonds aangevoerd, terwijl de aanvoer van zandspiering midden op de dag het grootst was. Dit patroon komt goed overeen met het verticale migratiepatroon ván deze vissen. Zandspieringen zijn 's nachts ingegraven in de zeebodem en komen pas overdag naar het wateroppervlak. Haringen komen vooral 's nachts naar boven en zijn dus vooral aan het begin en het einde van de dag beschikbaar voor de sterns. Ook het getij had een sterke invloed op de prooiaanvoer. Tijdens hoogwater werden relatief veel zandspiering aangevoerd, terwijl de aanvoer van haring het grootst was vlak voor hoogwater. Ook dit patroon heeft mogelijk te maken met de horizontale en verticale verspreiding van de prooivissen.","BibLvlCode":"AMS","StandardTitle":"Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging conditions in Sandwich Terns <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2024-12-10 01:33:17.368041","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+01:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2005,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2019-09-06","DateCreate":"2006-01-09","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":0,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":null,"VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":0},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":78624,"PubliDate":2005,"Pagination":"15-37","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":"90-367-2480-5","Volume":"15","Issue":null,"BRefMon":78620,"BRefMonRR":"<b>Stienen, E.W.M.</b> (2005). Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the Sandwich Tern <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>. <i>Alterra Scientific Contributions</i>, 15. PhD Thesis. Rijksuniversiteit Groningen: Groningen. ISBN 90-367-2480-5. 192 pp.","BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":78622,"SerRR":"Alterra Scientific Contributions. Alterra: Wageningen","StandardTitleSer":"Alterra Scientific Contributions","ISSN":null,"AbbrevSer":null,"StandardTitleMon":"Living with gulls: trading off food and predation in the Sandwich Tern <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>","StartPage":15,"Pages":23,"ToPubliDate":null,"BRefBibLvlCode":"MS","SerNotes":null,"AutString":"Stienen, E.W.M."},"monrec":null,"serrec":null,"relations":null,"relationsRev":[{"XBRefID":18355,"RefStrFull":"<b>Stienen, E.W.M.; van Beers, P.W.M.; Brenninkmeijer, A.; Habraken, J.M.P.M.; Raaijmakers, M.H.J.E.; Van Tienen, P.G.M.</b> (2000). Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging conditions in Sandwich Terns <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>. <i>Ardea 88(1)</i>: 33-49","RelID":4,"RelationY":"Related to","StandardTitle":"Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging conditions in Sandwich Terns <i>Sterna sandvicensis</i>"}],"addrec":{"Line1":"P.O. Box 47","Email":"e.w.m.stienen@alterra.wag-ur.nl","Line2":null,"EnvName":"Netherlands"},"othpubs":null,"ownerships":null,"authors":[{"AutName":"Stienen","Firstname":"Eric","Initials":"E.W.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":"E.W.M.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":1498,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":"0000-0002-4315-0936","PersID":1281,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"van Beers","Firstname":"Peter","Initials":"P.W.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":22114,"OrderNr":2,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Brenninkmeijer","Firstname":"Allix","Initials":"A.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":1499,"OrderNr":3,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":23991,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Habraken","Firstname":"John","Initials":"J.M.P.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":22115,"OrderNr":4,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Raaijmakers","Firstname":"Maaike","Initials":"M.H.J.E.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":22116,"OrderNr":5,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null},{"AutName":"Van Tienen","Firstname":"Piet","Initials":"P.G.M.","Affiliation":null,"Discriminator":null,"CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":309905,"AutID":22092,"OrderNr":6,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"InsAcronym":null,"InsFSN":null,"ORCID":null,"PersID":null,"InsID":null}],"mapdetails":null,"datasets":[{"DasID":40,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of adult Terns in the Belgian Part of the North sea","RelationID":2,"DOI":null},{"DasID":41,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of Terns chicks in the Belgian Part of the North sea","RelationID":2,"DOI":null},{"DasID":39,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of Terns in the Belgian Part of the North sea","RelationID":2,"DOI":null}],"monographs":null,"monparts":null,"serparts":null,"BEntOpen":null,"BEntPrivate":null,"availability":null,"litstyles":null,"thespers":null,"arch2discl":null,"SERpubls":null,"MONpubls":[{"PublName":"Rijksuniversiteit Groningen","Place":"Groningen"}],"pictures":[],"thestermsPath":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Foraging behaviour","ThestID":9513,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Behaviour > Feeding behaviour > Foraging behaviour"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Food preferences","ThestID":3403,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTermPath":"Food preferences"}],"thestermsASFA":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Food preferences"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Foraging behaviour"}],"taxtermsASFA":[{"TaxTerm":"Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787"}],"geotermsASFA":null,"collections":null,"conf":null,"proj":null,"Physdatasets":null,"spcols":{"222":{"SpName":"BMB - Belgische Mariene Bibliografie","SpColID":222,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"BMB","URLLocation":null,"LibID":36,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"BMB"},"35":{"SpName":"Trophos","SpColID":35,"ParSpColID":null,"TopParID":null,"ShortName":"trophos","URLLocation":null,"LibID":null,"OpenRepoFlag":null,"SpTypID":null,"TopParIDNotWebsite":null,"SpColPath":"trophos"}},"doi":null,"publs":null,"serparttypes":null,"monauthors":[{"AutName":"Stienen","Initials":"E.W.M.","CorporateFlag":0,"BEntID":74155,"AutID":1498,"OrderNr":1,"DegrID":null,"EditorFlag":0,"CorrespFlag":0,"IllustratorFlag":0,"ReviserFlag":0,"TranslatorFlag":0,"AutStrTrunc":"Stienen, E.W.M."}],"MParts":null,"SParts":null,"hLibs":null,"langs":[{"BEntID":309905,"AbstractFlag":-1,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"},{"BEntID":309905,"AbstractFlag":-1,"LangID":41,"LangCode":"nl","Lang":"Dutch","DutchTerm":"Nederlands","LangCodeExtended":"dut"},{"BEntID":309905,"AbstractFlag":0,"LangID":15,"LangCode":"en","Lang":"English","DutchTerm":"Engels","LangCodeExtended":"eng"}],"urls":null,"thesterms":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Food preferences","ThestID":3403,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Foraging behaviour","ThestID":9513,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxterms":[{"TaxTerm":"Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787 [Sandwich tern]","AphiaID":137166,"TaxtID":16547}],"geoterms":null,"othterms":null,"asfacodes":null,"asfa2codes":null,"thestermsFRIS":[{"ThesaurusTerm":"Food preferences","DutchTerm":"Voedselvoorkeur","ThestID":3403,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"},{"ThesaurusTerm":"Foraging behaviour","DutchTerm":"Foerageergedrag","ThestID":9513,"Acronym":"ASFA","ThesTypID":1,"ThesType":"ASFA Thesaurus List"}],"taxtermsFRIS":[{"TaxTerm":"Sterna sandvicensis Latham, 1787","DutchTerm":"Grote stern","AphiaID":137166,"TaxtID":16547}],"geotermsFRIS":null,"othtermsFRIS":null,"resmessage":"","complete":1,"sessions":{"newSesName":"Chisala, Chilekwa, C.","newSesDate":{"date":"2006-01-09 13:38:21.083000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"},"updSesName":"Bouchti, Zohra, Z.","updSesDate":{"date":"2019-09-06 08:08:13.980000","timezone_type":3,"timezone":"Europe/Brussels"}}}