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Emphasis is placed on the mechanisms of self-association of matrix polysaccharides and the influence of life history on waIl chemistry. In an attempt to draw a comprehensive picture of the organization of the waIl at the cellular level, we analyse the anatomical and biochemical relationships between the various wall polymers. Several features emerge from the literature reviewed: cell walls of marine algae are unusual in the prevalence of acidic polysaccharides over the neutral polymers and by an extensive intercellular matrix; all marine algae contain sulphated wall polysaccharides, whereas such polymers are not found in land plants; the proportion of highly acidic polysaccharides is greater in the outer regions of the wall and in the outer cellular layers of the thallus. 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