{"refrec":{"BRefID":97935,"RR":"<b>Anker, A.; Murina, G.-V.; Lira, C.; Vera Caripe, J.A.; Palmer, A.R.; Jeng, M.-S.</b> (2005). Macrofauna associated with echiuran burrows: a review with new observations of the innkeeper worm, <i>Ochetostoma erythrogrammon</i> Leuckart and Rüppel, in Venezuela. <i>Zool. Stud. 44(2)</i>: 157-190","BEntID":93293,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":null,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Zool. Stud. 44(2)</i>: 157-190","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Anker, A.; Murina, G.-V.; Lira, C.; Vera Caripe, J.A.; Palmer, A.R.; Jeng, M.-S.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Anker, A. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Because of their size and semipermanent nature, burrows of larger echiuran worms (phylum Echiura: Urechidae, Echiuridae, Bonelliidae, and Thalassematidae) host a remarkable variety of symbionts. Most symbionts appear to be commensals (occasionally with tendencies to kleptoparasitism), although at least 1 echiuran, <i>Bonellia viridis</i>, may in turn be a commensal of the soft rock-burrowing mudshrimp, <i>Upogebia mediterranea</i>. Commensal animals most frequently observed in echiuran burrows are bivalves (11 species in 8 hosts), polychaetes (mostly polynoids; 14 species in 8 hosts), brachyuran crabs (mostly pinnotherids and varunids; 16 species in 8 hosts), alpheid shrimps (6 species in 6 hosts), and copepods (3 species in 3 hosts). Some are facultative commensals (e.g., many polynoids and pinnotherids), but obligate and host-specific associations also occur, particularly among copepods and the loxosomatid entoprocts, <i>Loxosomella</i> spp. (with their associated gastropod predator, <i>Sigaretornus planus</i>). An alpheid shrimp, <i>Alpheus barbatus</i>, may also live in association with non-burrowing, crevice-dwelling echiurans. Other, less-frequent, echiuran commensals include polyclad flatworms (1 species), nemerteans (1 species), nematodes (2 species), entoprocts (2 species), gastropods (2 species), and fishes (2 species). Most echiuran-associated bivalves, entoprocts, and some polychaetes are so-called burrow energy users. The most-diversified communities of commensal animals are found in U-shaped burrows of larger species, such as <i>Urechis</i> spp. and <i>Ochetostoma</i> spp., but also in some relatively small echiurans, e.g., <i>Lissomyema exilii</i>, which builds U-shaped chambers in discarded mollusc shells. Finally, the cosmopolitan echiuran species or species complex, <i>Ochetostoma erythrogrammon</i> Leuckart and Rüppel, 1828 (Echiura: Thalassematidae), is reported here for the 1st time from Venezuelan waters. At least 2 species of pinnotherid crabs, <i>Pinnixa</i> spp., and an unidentified sportellid bivalve were collected from the burrows, together with the echiurans and the upogebiid mudshrimp, <i>Upogebia omissa</i>, suggesting that the crabs and the bivalve may be commensally associated with 1 or both of these burrowing animals.","AbstractOtherLang":null,"BibLvlCode":"AS","StandardTitle":"Macrofauna associated with echiuran burrows: a review with new observations of the innkeeper worm, <i>Ochetostoma erythrogrammon</i> Leuckart and Rüppel, in Venezuela","OrigTitleLangCode":"en","OrigTitleLangCodeExtended":"eng","OrigTitleLangID":15,"DateLastModified":{"date":"2026-04-21 10:52:48.920420","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"UserAccessRight":null,"UserAccID":null,"AuthorKeywords":null,"OtherDescriptors":null,"Notes":null,"AnaPub":2005,"MonPub":null,"DateUpdate":"2006-04-12","DateCreate":"2006-04-12","SecASFANote":null,"ConfID":null,"PeerRev":1,"VlizCoreFlag":1,"WoScode":"WOS:000229810000001","VABBcode":null,"OpenAcc":1},"refs":null,"anarec":{"AnaID":97935,"PubliDate":2005,"Pagination":"157-190","XtraPublOfAnaID":null,"ISBN":null,"Volume":"44","Issue":"2","BRefMon":null,"BRefMonRR":null,"BRefXtra":null,"BRefXtraRR":null,"SerBRefID":44095,"SerRR":"Zoological studies. Academia Sinica: Taipei.  ISSN 1021-5506; e-ISSN 1810-522X","StandardTitleSer":"Zoological studies","ISSN":"1021-5506","AbbrevSer":"Zool. 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