{"refrec":{"BRefID":99360,"RR":"<b>Halpern, B.S.; Cottenie, K.; Broitman, B.R.</b> (2006). Strong top-down control in southern California kelp forest ecosystems. <i>Science (Wash.) 312(5777)</i>: 1230-1232","BEntID":94623,"PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"wosflag":1,"vabbflag":1,"RefStringPartII":". <i>Science (Wash.) 312(5777)</i>: 1230-1232","DocTypID":8,"DocType":"Journal article","MarineFlag":1,"FreshFlag":0,"BrackishFlag":0,"TerrestrialFlag":0,"Authorstring":"Halpern, B.S.; Cottenie, K.; Broitman, B.R.","OrigTitleTranslFlag":0,"Authorstringtrunc":"Halpern, B.S. <i>et al.</i>","Englishabstract":"Global-scale changes in anthropogenic nutrient input into marine ecosystems via terrestrial runoff, coupled with widespread predator removal via fishing, have created greater urgency for understanding the relative role of top-down versus bottom-up control of food web dynamics. Yet recent large-scale studies of community regulation in marine ecosystems have shown dramatically different results that leave this issue largely unresolved. We combined a multiyear, large-scale data set of species abundances for 46 species in kelp forests from the California Channel Islands with satellite-derived primary production and found that top-down control explains 7- to 10-fold more of the variance in abundance of bottom and mid-trophic levels than does bottom-up control. This top-down control was propagated via a variety of species-level direct and indirect responses to predator abundance. 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