{"projectrec":{"ProID":1074,"StandardTitle":"Higher trophic levels in the Southern North Sea","OrigTitle":"Hogere trofische niveaus in de Zuidelijke Noordzee (TROPHOS)","Acronym":"TROPHOS","AbstractEnglish":"<ul><li>Context\r\n\r\nTROPHOS is a co-operation between five Belgian institutes (RUG-Marine Biology, KULeuven-Aquatic Ecology, Institute of Nature Conservation, MUMM and VLIZ) and one Dutch institute (NIOO-CEMO) and aims at a better understanding of processes structuring the higher trophic levels in the North Sea. As we will not ignore the link between ecosystem functioning and aquatic biodiversity, our results will also serve in aspects of sustainable management for those areas on the Belgian Continental Shelf (BCS) of the North Sea, which fulfil the criteria for protection status in marine reserves.\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Project description\r\n\r\n<ul><li>Objectives\r\n\r\nResearch within TROPHOS will focus on processes structuring the higher trophic levels in the North Sea ecosystem. Special attention will be given to:\r\n\r\n- The food web interactions that shape the benthic communities. This will make it possible to unravel how food cascades into animal biomass. Detailed research on C-cycling within the benthic food web will be performed.\r\n- The dispersal mechanisms on the BCS. This is mainly of importance for those species that have a pelagic life-style or have pelagic larvae. The impact of certain behavioural aspects (swimming, sinking,...) on the dispersal will be investigated as well.\r\n- The importance of the benthic communities in the functioning of the total BCS ecosystem. It will be examined whether or not Phaeocystis can be used as a food source by the infauna of the benthos. In addition, sediment community oxygen consumption rates that will be performed in BCS sediments will shed light on total benthic metabolism.\r\n- The Belgian coastal waters are internationally very important areas for a number of sea and coastal birds. Studying the distribution patterns of the possible food sources (i.c. pelagic fish) of these birds will lead to a better understanding of their spatial distribution patterns. Population dynamics of gulls and terns in the outer harbour of Zeebrugge will be studied as well.\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Methodology\r\n\r\n- Food web interactions: This task will be executed by RUG-Marine Biology Section and NIOO-CEMO and is focussed on meiobenthos. Monthly sampling of two stations, showing a clearly different food web structure, will allow describing changes in the composition and densities of the meiobenthos when changes in the primary production in the water column will occur. The primary production will sink to the sea floor and acts as an important food source for the benthos. Possible consumption of phytoplankton can be studied by comparing the natural occurring stable isotopes of the meiobenthos with those present in the phytoplankton. Changes in bacterial diversity will be assessed by means of DGGE. The benthic response to the sedimentation of the spring phytoplankton bloom will be evaluated trough experiments with enriched and labelled (stable isotopes 13C and 15N) phytoplankton. Benthic food web flows and the benthic contribution to the metabolism of the ecosystem will be inferred from inverse modelling.\r\n\r\n- Dispersal mechanisms of key species: This part of TROPHOS will be performed by KULeuven, RUG and MUMM. Larvae and post larvae of fish and Mesopodopsis, sole and gobies will be sampled using the appropriate sampling gear. Population-specific life history characteristics (e.g. fertility, survival, growth...) will be collected. Genotyping will be done with at least 8 DNA microsatellites per fish (KULeuven) or with SSCP combined with sequencing of variable nuclear and mitochondrial loci (Mesopodopsis (RUG) and Gyrodactylus (KULeuven)). The behaviour of the planktonic stages of the fishes and Mesopodopsis will be modelled with a combined 3-D hydrodynamic and particle tracking model by MUMM.\r\n\r\n- Coastal and sea birds: This part of TROPHOS will be a combined effort of RUG and IN. Pelagic fish will be collected monthly at 7 locations on the BCS by means of a MIC-net at the surface and near the bottom. Frequency of sampling will be diminished towards the end of the project. Species composition, length distribution, abundance, zooplankton density and a number of environmental variables will be measured. Distribution patterns of Common Tern, Sandwich Tern, Auk, Common Guillemot and Great Crested Grebe will be compared with the horizontal distribution of their prey fish. An analysis of the content of the stomach will be performed on fresh corpses of Guillemot, Auk and Great Crested Grebes found during beach bird surveys along the coast and birds accidentally caught in fishing nets. Population size of seabirds nesting in Zeebrugge will be determined. Laying date, clutch size, predation rate, hatching success, chick growth and survival will be measured. Nest attendance and prey specific foraging time will be established. Food intake and diet composition of Sandwich and Common Tern chicks will be measured from a hide. Food composition of adult terns will be identified by means of otholits and other food remains found in faeces and pellets. Variation in food composition will be compared to fluctuations in food availability. Reading of ringed Sandwich Tern, Common Tern, Herring Gull and Lesser Black-backed Gull will be analysed and migration between colonies will be assessed.\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Interaction between the different partners\r\n\r\nStrong interactions between the various partners in this project are foreseen. The bentho-pelagic coupling theme will be a result of a strong co-operation between RUG and CEMO, while VLIZ offers ship time on their research vessel Zeeleeuw. Sampling campaigns will be a joint effort and researchers belonging to both institutes will conduct the experiments. KULeuven and RUG will work together on the theme covering the dispersal mechanisms of species having pelagic life stages. These mechanisms will be modelled as a result of collaboration between the KULeuven and RUG teams and the modellers at MUMM. IN and RUG will be the partners tackling the problems relating to the causal aspects of the distribution of seabirds: RUG will work on the pelagic fish data, while bird data will be analysed at IN.\r\nData management and dissemination of results: VLIZ will be responsible for the data management, valorisation and exploitation. By developing databases and websites, data gathered in the framework of TROPHOS will be made available to the public. VLIZ will also develop and implement modalities and technical solutions for data-exchange between the partners within TROPHOS.\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Link with international programmes\r\n\r\n- DIVERSITAS (ICSU, SCOPE, IUBS, IUMS, UNESCO-MAB).\r\n- IGBP (International Geosphere - Biosphere Programme).\r\n- LOICZ (Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, IGBP, ICSU).\r\n\r\n\r\n<li>Expected results and\/or products\r\n\r\n- Scientific results will be published in peer-reviewed journals.\r\n- Data of the benthos and seabirds on the BCS will be made public through the website. An atlas with distribution maps will be provided as well.\r\n- Monitoring designs for the follow-up of nature conservation will be developed (potential Marine Protected Areas).\r\n- Bio-indicator species and bio-indicator communities for anthropogenic threats will be identified and tested.\r\n- Detailed food-web interactions will be identified for the first time in the higher trophic levels of the North Sea.\r\n- Coupling between hydrodynamic models and dispersal mechanisms of selected species will be explained.\r\n- Population dynamics of gulls and terns will help in setting the criteria for protected areas, habitats and species.\r\n- Results will be made available to the public, end-users, governmental bodies.\r\n<\/ul><\/ul>","AbstractOtherLang":"<b>Context<\/b>\r\n\r\nTROPHOS bundelt de krachten van vijf Belgische instellingen (RUG-Mariene Biologie, KULeuven-Aquatische Ecologie, Instituut voor Natuurbehoud, BMM en VLIZ) en een Nederlands instituut (NIOO-CEMO, Yerseke) om een inzicht te verkrijgen in de processen die de hogere trofische niveaus in de Noordzee structureren. Dit zal toelaten om een betere inschatting te verkrijgen van de reacties van dit ecosysteem op antropogene druk of natuurlijke variaties. De koppeling tussen processtudies en de biodiversiteit van het ecosysteem kan gebruikt worden als basisinformatie voor het opstellen van een duurzaam beheer van mogelijke mariene reservaten op het Belgisch Continentaal Plat (BCP).\r\n\r\n\r\n<b>Beschrijving van het project<\/b>\r\n\r\n<b>Doelstellingen<\/b>\r\n\r\nHet onderzoek binnen TROPHOS is geconcentreerd rond de studie van de processen die de hogere trofische niveaus in het Noordzee-ecosysteem sturen. Hierbij zal aandacht worden geschonken aan de volgende aspecten:\r\n<ul type=disc>\r\n<li>Voedselwebinteracties die de bentische gemeenschappen structureren, zodat kan worden nagegaan hoe voedsel wordt omgezet in dierlijke biomassa. Verdere aandacht zal gaan naar de kringlopen binnen het bentische voedselweb.\r\n<li>Dispersiemechanismen van sleutelsoorten op het BCP. Dit is van groot belang om de verspreiding te begrijpen van soorten die een pelagische fase in hun levenscysclus doormaken. Hierbij wordt rekening gehouden met het effect van sommige gedragspatronen (bijv. zwemmen, zinken, ...) om het mechanisme rond de verspreiding van soorten te achterhalen.\r\n<li>Het belang van benthische gemeenschappen in het functioneren van het BCP. Er zal worden nagegaan of Phaeocystis een belangrijke voedselbron vormt voor het endobenthos. Metingen van het zuurstofverbruik van het benthos zullen toelaten om het totale benthische metabolisme in te schatten.\r\n<li>Het internationaal belang van de Belgische kustwateren is voor zee- en kustvogels zeer groot. Aan de hand van de verspreidingspatronen van de voedselbronnen van de zeevogels (i.c. pelagische vis) zal een beter inzicht in ruimtelijke verspreiding bekomen worden. Daarnaast wordt aandacht geschonken aan de populatiedynamica van meeuwen en sternen in de voorhaven van Zeebrugge.\r\n<\/li><\/ul type=disc>\r\n\r\n<b>Methodologie<\/b>\r\n<ul type=disc>\r\n<li>Voedselwebinteracties: Deze studies zullen worden uitgevoerd door RUG-Mariene Biologie en NIOO-CEMO en worden voornamelijk geconcentreerd op het meiobenthos. Door middel van een maandelijkse bemonstering van twee stations, die een duidelijk verschillende voedselwebstructuur vertonen, wordt nagegaan hoe de samenstelling en de dichtheden van het meiobenthos veranderen als de primaire productie in de waterkolom verandert. Deze primaire produktie zal naar de bodem zinken en daar een belangrijke voedselbron voor het benthos vormen. Door de natuurlijke stabiele isotopen in de meiobenthos te vergelijken met die van het fytoplankton kan worden nagegaan of dit fytoplankton inderdaad geconsumeerd wordt. Veranderingen in bacteri\u00eble diversiteit zal worden nagegaan door middel van DGGE. Experimenten met aangerijkt en gemerkt voedsel (stabiele isotopen 13C en 15N) zullen worden uitgevoerd om de respons van het benthos op de sedimentatie van de voorjaarsbloei van het fytoplankton na te bootsen. Door middel van inverse modellering zullen de C-kringlopen in het benthos in kaart worden gebracht en zal het belang van het benthische aandeel in het metabolisme van het ecosysteem bepaald worden.\r\n\r\n<li>Dispersiemechanismen van sleutelsoorten: Dit onderdeel van TROPHOS is een samenwerking tussen KULeuven, RUG en BMM. Zowel vislarven, postlarven van vissen en Mesopodopsis, tong en grondel zullen met aangepast staalnamemateriaal bemonsterd worden. Populatie-speciefieke levensgeschiedenis eigenschappen (bijv. fertiliteit, overleving, groei...) zullen verzameld worden. Genotypering vindt plaats met minstens 8 DNA microsatelietten per vis (KULeuven) of met SSCP gecombineerd met sequenering van een variabel aantal loci in de kern of de mitochondrie\u00ebn (Mesopodopsis (RUG) en Gyrodactylus (KULeuven)). Het gedrag van de planktonische fazes van de vissen en Mesopodopsis zal gemodelleerd worden door middel van een gecombineerd 3-D hydrodynamisch model en een \"particle tracking\" model, dat door BMM ontwikkeld zal worden.\r\n\r\n<li>Kust- en zeevogels: De studie naar de voedselbeschikbaarheid van zeevogels is een samenwerking tussen RUG en IN. Pelagische vissen zullen op 7 locaties op het BCP maandelijks worden verzameld met een MIC-net bij het oppervlak en bij de bodem. De staalnamefrequentie zal verminderen naar het einde van het project. De soortensamenstelling, lengteverdeling, abundantie, zooplanktondichtheden en een aantal omgevingsvariabelen zullen telkens bepaald worden. De verspreiding van de visdief, de grote stern, de alk, de zeekoet en de fuut zullen vergeleken worden met de horizontale distributie van hun prooisoorten. De maaginhoud van kadavers van zeekoet, alk en fuut die gevonden worden langsheen de kust, samen met die van vogels die per toeval in visnetten verzeild raken, zal worden onderzocht. Verder zal de populatiegrootte van zeevogels die broeden in de voorhaven van Zeebrugge, bepaald worden. De datum van eiafzet, leggrootte, predatiedruk, ontluikingssucces, groei en overleving zal bepaald worden. Het verblijf op het nest en de tijd nodig om te fouragen wordt gemeten. Verder zal de voedselopname en de dieetsamenstelling van kuikens van de visdief en de grote stern gevolgd worden vanuit schuilhutten. De voedselsamenstelling van adulte sternen wordt nagegaan aan de hand van otolithen en andere voedselresten in hun uitwerpselen. De variatie in samenstelling van dit voedsel zal worden vergeleken met de variabiliteit van de voedselbeschikbaarheid, zoals blijkt uit de maandelijkse staalnames. Ringgegevens van visdief, grote stern, zilermeeuw en kleine mantelmeeuw zullen worden geanalyseerd om migraties tussen kolonies na te gaan.\r\n<\/li><\/ul type=disc>\r\n\r\n<b>Interacties tussen de verschillende partners<\/b>\r\n\r\nIn dit project worden sterke interacties tussen de verschillende partners voorzien. Het luik waarin de bentho-pelagische koppeling wordt onderzocht is een intense samenwerking tussen RUG en CEMO, terwijl het VLIZ hier voor de nodige boottijd zorgt aan boord van hun onderzoeksschip de Zeeleeuw. Staalnamecampagnes zullen gezamenlijk worden uitgevoerd, en ook het experimenteel onderzoek wordt verricht door onderzoekers van beide instellingen. KULeuven en RUG zullen samen instaan voor het onderzoek naar de dispersiemechanismen van soorten met pelagische levensstadia. In samenwerking met BMM zullen deze mechanismen dan gemodelleerd worden. IN en RUG zullen samen het onderzoek verrichten naar de causale aspecten die de verdeling van zeevogels bepalen: RUG zal de vissen verwerken, terwijl op het IN de vogeldata worden geanalyseerd.\r\nDatabeheer en disseminatie van de resultaten: Het VLIZ is verantwoordelijk voor het databeheer en de valorisatie en exploitatie van de data. Door de ontwikkeling van databanken en websites zullen gegevens, verzameld binnen het project, publiekelijk bekend gemaakt worden. Verder zal het VLIZ modaliteiten en technische oplossingen voor de uitwisselingen van data tussen de verschillende partners binnen het project uitwerken.\r\n\r\n\r\n<b>Band met internationale programma\u2019s<\/b>\r\n<ul type=disc>\r\n<li>DIVERSITAS (ICSU, SCOPE, IUBS, IUMS, UNESCO-MAB).\r\n<li>GBP (International Geosphere - Biosphere Programme).\r\n<li>LOICZ (Land Ocean Interactions in the Coastal Zone, IGBP, ICSU).\r\n<\/li><\/ul type=disc>\r\n\r\n<b>Verwachte resultaten en\/of producten<\/b>\r\n<ul type=disc>\r\n<li>Wetenschappelijke resultaten zullen worden gepubliceerd in de wetenschappelijke literatuur.\r\n<li>Data omtrent het benthos en de zeevogels op het BCP, zullen publiek gemaakt worden via de website. Een atlas met verspreidingskaartjes zal tevens beschikbaar zijn;\r\n<li>Monitoringsprogramma\u2019s voor de potenti\u00eble mariene reservaten zullen worden opgesteld.\r\n<li>Bio-indicatoren en -gemeenschappen voor antropogene invloeden zullen worden vooropgesteld en getest.\r\n<li>Een gedetailleerde beschrijving van de voedselwebinteracties tussen de hogere trofische niveaus van de Noordzee zal voor de eerste keer worden beschreven.\r\n<li>De koppeling tussen hydrodynamische modellen en dispersiemechanismen van geselecteerde soorten zal worden verklaard.\r\n<li>Populatiedynamische gegevens van meeuwen en sternen zullen helpen om criteria voor te stellen voor de bescherming van speciale gebieden, habitaten en soorten.\r\n<li>De resultaten zullen worden bekend gemaakt aan het grote publiek, eindgebruikers, overheid,...\r\n<\/li><\/ul type=disc>","DateLastModified":{"date":"2025-07-02 08:33:20.809226","timezone_type":1,"timezone":"+02:00"},"ParentProID":1075,"BeginYear":2002,"EndYear":2006,"BMonth":2,"EMonth":4,"BeginMonth":"February","EndMonth":"April","OrigTitleLangCode":"nl","OrigTitleLangID":41,"OrigTitleLangNL":"Nederlands","OrigTitleLang":"Dutch","OtherAbstractLangCode":null,"OtherAbstractLangID":null,"OtherAbstractLang":null,"OtherAbstractLangNL":null,"Progress":"Completed","ProgressNL":"Afgelopen","PublicFlag":1,"CheckedFlag":0,"ND":"2003-11-26","UD":"2009-12-14","DMPFlag":0,"Budget":1048000,"BudgetCurrency":"EUR"},"parent":{"ProID":1075,"Acronym":"SPSD-II","StandardTitle":"Research action SPSD-II: Second scientific support plan for a sustainable development policy"},"persons":null,"projects":null,"events":null,"datasets":[{"DasID":2692,"Acronym":"Crgulls","Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Observations of Belgian color ring-marked gulls from 1999 until 2010","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":23,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Remerie, T.; Marine Biology Section - Ugent; (2006): Dispersal of invertebrate key species based on molecular methods.","StandardTitle":"Dispersal of invertebrate key species based on molecular methods.","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":24,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Rapp\u00e9, K.; Gheerardyn, H.. (2004). Dispersal of pelagic organisms of the Belgian Continental Shelf. Afdeling Mariene Biologie - Ugent, Belgium. Http:\/\/www.vliz.be\/imis\/imis.php?module=dataset&dasid=24","StandardTitle":"Dispersal of pelagic organisms of the Belgian Continental Shelf","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":25,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Distribution of wintering gulls","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":35,"Acronym":null,"Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Evolution of populations of coastal breeders at the inner port of Zeebrugge","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":36,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Evolution of populations of coastal breeders at the inner port of Zeebrugge: breeding success","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":149,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Evolution of populations of coastal breeders at the inner port of Zeebrugge: breeding success: eggsize","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":37,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Stienen, E.; Instituut voor Natuur en Bos Onderzoek; (2004): Evolutie van populaties van kustbroedvogels in de voorhaven van Zeebrugge: populatiegrootte. http:\/\/www.vliz.be\/en\/imis?module=dataset&dasid=37","StandardTitle":"Evolution of populations of coastal breeders at the inner port of Zeebrugge: population size","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":38,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute of Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Evolution of populations of coastal breeders at the inner port of Zeebrugge: population structure","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":40,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of adult Terns in the Belgian Part of the North sea","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":41,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of Terns chicks in the Belgian Part of the North sea","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":39,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Feeding ecology of Terns in the Belgian Part of the North sea","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":1428,"Acronym":"IMERS","Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Integrated Marine Environmental Samples and Readings","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":832,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Vanaverbeke, J. (1998). Length, width and biomass measurements of nematodes from sandbanks on the Belgian Continental Shelf. Ghent University, Department of Biology, Marine Biology Section (MARBIOL), Belgium.","StandardTitle":"Length\/Width and biomass of nematodes from sandbanks on the Belgian Continental Shelf","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":62,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Bogards R., Moodley L., Van Oevelen D., Soetaert K. 2003: Natural stable isotopes in the primary producents of the pelagic and the benthic heterotrophic cycle. Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology, Netherlands. Metadata available at http:\/\/mda.nioo.knaw.nl\/imis.php?module=dataset&dasid=62","StandardTitle":"Natural stable isotopes in the primary producents of the pelagic and the benthic heterotrophic cycle of the Belgian Continental Shelf","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":70,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Gysels, E.; Hellemans, B.; Geysen, B.; Volckaert, F.A.M.; Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics - KULeuven; (2005): Population structure and dispersal in the North Sea of Pomatoschistus gobies.","StandardTitle":"Population structure and dispersal in the North Sea of Pomatoschistus gobies","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":71,"Acronym":null,"Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Population structure and dispersal of <i>Solea solea<\/i> (Common Sole) in the North Sea","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":72,"Acronym":null,"Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Population structure and dispersal of the Pomatoschistus parasite Gyrodactylus in Belgian waters","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":77,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Data Institute for Nature Conservation","StandardTitle":"Stomach analysis of stranded seabirds on the Belgian Coast","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":593,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Geysen, B.; Guelinckx, J.; Laboratory of Animal Diversity and Systematics (KULeuven): Belgium; (2017): Survey dataset on Pomatoschistus minutus (Pallas, 1770) and other gobies at the Belgian Coast, Oosterschelde, Westerschelde and at nuclear plants near Doel & Borssele. Marine Data Archive.","StandardTitle":"Survey dataset on <i>Pomatoschistus minutus<\/i> (Pallas, 1770) and other gobies at the Belgian Coast, Oosterschelde, Westerschelde and at nuclear plants near Doel & Borssele","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":7,"Acronym":null,"Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"Temporal patterns of bacterial diversity in a changing environment","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":139,"Acronym":null,"Citation":null,"StandardTitle":"TROPHOS Microsatellite data of <i>Solea solea<\/i> (Common sole) on the Belgian Coninental Shelf","DasType":"Data"},{"DasID":472,"Acronym":null,"Citation":"Soetaert K. 2004: TROPHOS\/PODO-I work-database II. Netherlands Institute of Ecology; Centre for Estuarine and Marine Ecology, Netherlands. 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