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Evolution, origins and diversification of parasitic cnidarians
Okamura, B.; Gruhl, A. (2021). Evolution, origins and diversification of parasitic cnidarians, in: De Baets, K. The evolution and fossil record of parasitism. Topics in Geobiology, 49: pp. 109-152
In: De Baets, K. (2021). The evolution and fossil record of parasitism. Topics in Geobiology, 49. Springer: Cham. ISBN 978-3-030-42483-1; e-ISBN 978-3-030-42484-8. XII, 565 pp. https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-42484-8, more
In: Topics in Geobiology. Plenum: New York. ISSN 0275-0120, more

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Keywords
    Cnidaria [WoRMS]; Myxozoa [WoRMS]; Polypodium Ussow, 1885 [WoRMS]
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    Myxozoa; Polypodium; Adaptations to parasitism; Life-cycle evolution; Cnidarian origins; Fossil record; Host acquisition; Molecular clock analysis; Co-phylogenetic analysis; Unknown diversity

Authors  Top 
  • Okamura, B.
  • Gruhl, A.

Abstract
    Parasitism has evolved in cnidarians on multiple occasions but only one clade—the Myxozoa—has undergone substantial radiation. We briefly review minor parasitic clades that exploit pelagic hosts and then focus on the comparative biology and evolution of the highly speciose Myxozoa and its monotypic sister taxon, Polypodium hydriforme, which collectively form the Endocnidozoa. Cnidarian features that may have facilitated the evolution of endoparasitism are highlighted before considering endocnidozoan origins, life cycle evolution and potential early hosts. We review the fossil evidence and evaluate existing inferences based on molecular clock and cophylogenetic analyses. Finally, we consider patterns of adaptation and diversification and stress how poor sampling might preclude adequate understanding of endocnidozoan diversity.

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