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Centrodinium punctatum (Dinophyceae) produces significant levels of saxitoxin and related analogs
Shin, H.H.; Li, Z.; Réveillon, D.; Rovillon, G.-A.; Mertens, K.N.; Hess, P.; Kim, H.J.; Lee, J.; Lee, K.-W.; Kim, D.; Park, B.S.; Hwang, J.; Seo, M.H.; Lim, W.A. (2020). Centrodinium punctatum (Dinophyceae) produces significant levels of saxitoxin and related analogs. Harmful Algae 100: 101923. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.hal.2020.101923
In: Harmful Algae. Elsevier: Tokyo; Oxford; New York; London; Amsterdam; Shannon; Paris. ISSN 1568-9883; e-ISSN 1878-1470, more
Peer reviewed article  
Available in  Authors 
Keywords
    Centrodinium punctatum (Cleve) F.J.R.Taylor, 1976 [WoRMS]
    Marine/Coastal
Author keywords
    Dinoflagellate; Alexandrium; PST; STX; neoSTX; Gonyautoxin
Authors  Top 
  • Shin, H.H.
  • Li, Z.
  • Réveillon, D.
  • Rovillon, G.-A.
  • Mertens, K.N., more
  • Hess, P.
  • Kim, H.J.
  • Lee, J.
  • Lee, K.-W.
  • Kim, D.
  • Park, B.S.
  • Hwang, J.
  • Seo, M.H.
  • Lim, W.A.
Abstract
    Centrodinium punctatum is a fusiform dinoflagellate with a global marine distribution. Due to a close phylogenetic relationship of one C. punctatum strain to Alexandrium species, toxin production of this C. punctatum strain was assessed using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The paralytic shellfish toxin (PST) profile of C. punctatum was dominated by six analogs, i.e. STX (30%), GTX-1 (20%) and neoSTX (24%), followed by GTX-2 (9%), GTX-4 (9%) and GTX-3 (8%); deoxy-STX was also putatively identified while no gymnodimines, spirolides or goniodomins were detected. This is the first record of C. punctatum producing saxitoxins. The estimated cellular toxicity was rather elevated, between 91 and 212 pg cell−1 (or 259 and 601 fmol cell−1). When considering the toxicity equivalent factors, results suggest that this species can produce high cellular toxicity compared to other STX-producing dinoflagellates. Morphological details of the sulcal area and the hypotheca of Centrodinium punctatum were re-examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM); this revealed that in the sulcal area, the left posterior sulcal plate (Ssp) is larger and longer than the left posterior sulcal plate and extended into the hypotheca. Based on the morphological observation, a revised interpretation of the sulcus and hypotheca is proposed.
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